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    @zareen said in BT102 Assignment 2 Solution and Discussion: Discuss the molecular methods for the identification of microorganisms. (10) Rapid detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and important aspect in a wide range of fields, from medical to industrial, affecting human lives. Unfortunately, classical methods of microorganism identification are based on time-consuming and labor-intensive approaches. Screening techniques require the rapid and cheap grouping of bacterial isolates; however, modern bioanalytics demand comprehensive bacterial studies at a molecular level. Modern approaches for the rapid identification of bacteria use molecular techniques, such as 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction or electromigration, especially capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing. However, there are still several challenges with the analysis of microbial complexes using electromigration technology, such as uncontrolled aggregation and/or adhesion to the capillary surface. Thus, an approach using capillary electrophoresis of microbial aggregates with UV and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS detection is presented. Microorganisms are well known for both positive and negative properties. They are used on a wide scale in the food industry, biotechnology, and modern genetic engineering. However, some microorganisms can cause food spoilage or serious disease. Because of these two negative effects, the unequivocal and rapid identification of microorganisms in real samples represents a very important area of focus (1, 2). This is particularly important in medical diagnostics. Microbial infections can lead to dangerous diseases, such as sepsis (3), diabetic foot infections (4), or meningitis (5). Rapid and unambiguous identification of the pathogen causing the infection is a necessary factor for the implementation of an appropriate therapy to save patient lives (6, 7). Conventional techniques currently used for the identification of microorganisms are based on the culture of microorganisms and the determination of the phenotypic characteristics thereof. However, these methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming (taking up to 3 days), and often inadequate for the differentiation of phenotypically similar species (8–12). These limits are especially important from a medical diagnostics point of view because the rapid and proper identification of pathogens is an essential factor in the implementation of the appropriate therapy (10, 11). In addition, screening identification of microorganisms is also a key issue in areas such as the pharmaceutical industry, food QC, and environmental research (1, 11, 13). Therefore, much emphasis has been placed on the development of alternative methods for the rapid and unambiguous identification of microorganisms directly from tested material (8–11). Nowadays, in the taxonomy of microorganisms, molecular biology methods—such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing (8, 14), polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 15), and other related PCR-based methods (16–18)—are very popular. These methods are characterized by high sensitivity and reproducibility. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is considered the most accurate method and deemed the gold standard for the identification of microorganisms at the species level (19). Unfortunately, due to the high cost of this analysis, in routine diagnostics, it is impossible to use this method. Moreover, such studies are usually performed by external institutions, resulting in prolonged wait times for results (14, 20). One of the strategies to reduce the time required for the identification of microorganisms in routine diagnostics is the use of semiautomatic and automatic systems based on biochemical methods. Such methods allow the attainment of results in maximum of 24 h (21–23). However, this time frame is still too long, and the obtained results are not always satisfactory (24). An alternative could be MS methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mode (MALDI-TOF MS) or electromigration techniques (8). These methods allow the performance of quick and clearanalysesofmicroorganisms directly from infected liquid samples while maintaining unit costs low (25–30). The most recent approach involves the use of multivariate techniques, such as PCR electrospray ionization (ESI) MS (31, 32), PCR-microchip capillary electrophoresis (ME; 33), PCR-capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE; 34), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF)-MALDI-TOF MS (34), or micropreparative solution CIEF (sCIEF)-HPLC (35). Such connections allow the attainment of conclusive results in a very short amount of time and have great potential for further research (24, 31–35). Source
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    Compile Online C++ Code
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    Solution: Following are the conditions for successful task completion. a. PNG file format b. File size less than 40KB c. Image resolution 300x300 d. File must be selected Profile picture will be uploaded provided all of the mentioned conditions are satisfied. Following is the Decision Table for the given scenario. Conditions Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Format PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG Size Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Resolution 300x300 300x300 Not 300x300 Not 300x300 300x300 300x300 Not 300x300 Not 300x300 File Selected Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Output Picture Uploaded Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Conditions Case 9 Case 10 Case 11 Case 12 Case 13 Case 14 Case 15 Case 16 - - - - - - - - - Format Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Not PNG Size Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Less than 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Greater or equal to 40KB Resolution 300x300 300x300 Not 300x300 Not 300x300 300x300 300x300 Not 300x300 Not 300x300 File Selected Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Output Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message Error Message
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    zareenZ
    Solution: Q. 1 Answer S.No. Activities Performed Static V. OR Dynamic V. 1 Business requirements analysis (Candidates CNIC No, family tree) Static verification 2 Analyzing design requirements (For example, number of times a person visits abroad) Static verification 3 System analysis and integration requirements with NADRA’s record Static verification 4 Examining any legacy system in the given domain Static verification 5 Different modules Implementation Static verification 6 Code debugging Dynamic validation 7 Integration testing Dynamic validation 8 Peer reviews Static verification Q. 2 Write the names of any 10 factors that determine the quality of software? Answer Correctness Usability Integrity Reliability Accuracy Efficiency Maintainability Testability Flexibility Interface facility (interoperability) Re-usability Transferability (portability) Extensibility Readability Performance Efficiency Scalability Accessibility Platform Compatibility Security
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in CS608 Assignment 3 Solution and Discussion: There are a few conditions for enrollment and marking of attendance. Students are required to perform Use Case Testing for the following tasks. Solution: Scenario Steps Description A: Actor Enrollment S: System 1 S: Enroll employee 2 S: Scan fingerprint 3 S: ID allocated Attendance 4 A: Scan fingerprint 5 S: Validate fingerprint 6 S: Attendance marked 7 A: Password entered 8 S: Attendance marked Extensions 4a Fingerprint not marked S: Display message and ask for re-try fingerprint 4b Fingerprint not marked for specific reason A: ID and password entered S: Attendance marked 7a Invalid Password - 3 times Close application ______________________End Solution Ideas Solution: Process Area: Software Verification Software Verification process area is more concerned with the engineering/programming aspects of the project with the purpose to ensure that the final product is error free and selected work products/components meet their specified requirements. Verification does not Page | 31 evaluate usefulness of the system instead verification is concerned with whether the system is well-engineered, error-free, and so on. So verification is more concerned with building the product right way. Software verification includes testing, design analysis, inspections and code reviews. The major goals for these process areas are as under: ● Prepare for Verification: Preparation for verification is conducted. ● Verify Selected Work Products: Selected work products are verified against their specified requirements. P.Example of Software Verification Continuing with the same example, QA team will verify that all requirements are being fulfilled and each part of the software is working properly. For example, in this case Sample Requirements ● Admin (Employee) should be able to login ● Employee should be able to register another employee ¡n the organization ● Employee should be able to mark the attendance on daily basis Figure 1: Continuous Audit Implementation Steps U.Audit Types There are three (3) types of audits and these, along with brief explanation, are as follows: ● First Party Audits: These are often described as internal audits. Someone from the organization itself audits a process to measure compliance and/or effectiveness. ● Second Party Audits: This is an external audit where the audit is being performed on supplier by a customer or by a contracted organization on behalf of a customer with the intention to ensure that the supplier is meeting contract specification. ● Third Party Audit: this is also an external audit and it’s performed by an audit organization independent of supplier-customer relationship. V.Audit Roles and Responsibilities Audit team includes a certified lead auditor who leads the audit activities and a team of 2 to 3 members supporting the lead in performing audit. Each member is equipped with right attitude and skills to measure the process results and performing the process audit to ensure compliance. Further in tough scenarios, domain experts become a part of this team to deal with the technicalities of such scenarios. W.CMMI Appraisals Appraisal is defined as a process to collect, review and analyzes data to measure performance or compliance level. The collected data is then compared with the desired or standard data to identify the gap between the actual and desired, if any with the main purpose of measuring the effectiveness of the framework or process. CMMI appraisals provide ratings that accurately reflect the capability level or maturity level of the processes in use. X.Process Reviews Process reviews are frequently carried out in the organizations to measure the effectiveness of the process and to ensure that it is being completely followed. The frequency of process audit depends upon many factors but usually it’s biannual or quarterly or on need basis. The process reviews also helps in identifying the required actions to improve the process results. Those required action may vary based on the results and it can be related to change/update in process objectives or design, training of stakeholders, technological advancement and many others. Y.Review Policy Every organization has its own review policy but the literature is full of best practices to be followed while conducting review. The fact remains same, the process is useless without review as no environment is static and no requirements are static. The current condition is best described with the word dynamic or constantly changing and so must be the process to get desired results. Through review policy, organizations define what to review and when to review. Z. Bench marking for Process Review There are many common issues the modern era organizations face today but the prospects of those issues or the circumstances might vary based on multiple factors. Bench marking is the referencing to those common problems. For any issue, organization adopts the model of another organization that went through, more or less, same condition and developed a successful solution to it. Adopting the already developed solution after some amendments saves an organization a lot of time and efforts. Besides this, organization can use the best practices, with some modification, available in literature or research journals.
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    zareenZ
    Solution Idea! php file CS301.php <?php $host = "localhost"; $user = "root"; $password = ""; $dbname = "bc12345"; // Create connection $conn = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $password, $dbname); // Check connection if (!$conn) { die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error()); } $sql = "INSERT INTO `sales` (`ID`, `Name`, `Region`, `Client_Name`, `Unit`, `Unit_Cost`, `Date`) VALUES ('5', 'boll point', 'south', 'Jhon', '230', '120.99', '2020-01-12')"; if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) { echo "New record created successfully"; } else { echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . mysqli_error($conn); } mysqli_close($conn); ?> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>CS310 Assignment</title> </head> <body> </body> </html>
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