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    Q. 1 Solution: Perspectives Level of Orientation Prominent theorists (any two ) Basic assumptions/ideas(any two) Functionalism Macro Talcott Parsons Rober K. Merton 1. The general interrelatedness or interdependence of the system’s parts; 2. The existence of “normal” state of affairs, or state of equilibrium, comparable to the normal or healthy state of the organism; and 3. The way that all parts of the system reorganize to bring things back to normal Conflict Macro Karl Marx Max Weber 1. People have number of basic “interests,” things they want and attempt to acquire. Common to all. Nothing specified. 2.Power is the core of social relationships. 3.Values and ideas are seen as weapons used by different groups to advance their own ends rather than as means of defining a whole society’s identity and goals. Social Exchange/Rational Choice Micro and Macro George Homans Peter Blau 1. People more or less act rationally and on the bases of their interests. 2. Rewarding exchange of interactions are repeated. 3. Reward can be basis for rational choice. 4. Continual exchange of actions makes people conditioned. 5. Emergence of patterns of social exchange . 6. Enables sociologists to predict patterns of behavior on both small and large scales. Interactionism , i. Phenomenology, ii. Ethnomethodology Micro George Mead Herbert Blumer, i. Alfred Schutz, ii. H. Garfinkel 1. Emphasis on face to face interaction of humans rather than on the working of the social system as an abstract entity. 2. Emphasis on meanings rather than functions i.e. sociology has to be an interpretive science. 3. Emphasis on lived experience rather than an abstracted concept of society. Focus on the way human agents experience regularized patterns of social interaction, and support them. Question: Explain the ways that your micro-level social world of relations with family and friends is influenced by macro-level structures or cultural influences of the wider environment? 04 Solution: The structures and patterns of the macro-level social world help constrain and shape our behavior through “micro” system in which we are involved. This mutual interdependence of individuals’ micro-level social actions and macro-level social structures is particularly important in analyzing recurrent or general patterns of behavior that are widespread throughout society. Such patterns can be analyzed independently of particular individuals in their local contexts. For example, sociologists or social theorists may be interested in explaining how changing birth rates may be related to the state of the economy or general cultural attitudes toward children, even though individual decisions to have or not to have children will reflect personal choices that are not at all oriented consciously toward trends in birth rates or the overall state of the economy or the culture. Similarly, social theorists may seek to understand patterns of upward or downward socioeconomic mobility in a society without reference to particular individuals who are trying to “get ahead” or “get by” in terms of their own personal well-being. From the standpoint of particular individuals in their local settings, the overall structures and dominant cultural patterns of a society may be taken as background or context, and their primary focus is the specific situation in which they find themselves. However, to understand society itself, sociological analysis at the macro level must focus on the major institutions of society as well as differences among people such as those based on social class, race/ethnicity, gender, or age. This means that our analyses of major institutional structures must be linked with an understanding of how individuals are stratified into various socioeconomic classes and numerous other categories that distinguish them from one another.
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    Type of organization Name of selected organization Mission statement/objective of organization Services provided by selected organization Utilitarian organization Nestlé Good Food, Good Life that is what we stand for • Food services: reducing sugar, sodium and fat • Healthcare nutrition to live healthier lives• Bottled water: Effective water treatment Normative organization Pakistan Red Crescent (PRC) To alleviate the suffering of the most vulnerable population by mobilizing the power of humanity. • Disaster management • Community Based Health & First Aid • Emergency ambulance services Coercive organization Lahore Psychiatric Hospital To make people understand the mental disorders prevailing in country and guide them in the right direction for proper and safe treatment. • Drug addiction• Deals in all types of mental, psychological and muscular disorders • Sexual disorders Organizations may vary, it is a sample solution. References: link 1 link 2 link 3
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    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIWRJ9yCSdo
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    Solution: a) Explain all four elements of upward spiral and their relation with each other. (2*4=8 marks) Answer: Fredrickson (2000) proposed that positive emotions have broadening effects on our thoughts and actions. They minimize involuntary responses (automatic responses by mind & body in response to any stimulus) and instead direct human beings to wide their thinking and to look for more new and creative ways to respond in certain situations. The more positive emotions a person experience in his/her daily life, the more he/she looks for several possibilities to act. This experience of positive emotions further helps in building several personal resources and problem solving skills. The four elements of broad and build theory are as follow: Experiences of Positive Emotions During the process of broadening and building of thoughts, the first and foremost important element is to experience more positive emotions such as joy (a feeling of playful and bright), contentment (feeling that everything is right), interest (having curiosity and feeling of open and alive), gratitude (feeling of appreciation to the things that comes to your way or being grateful for whatever you have), hope (trusting and believing that everything will be good), pride (feeling of being valued by society and achievement), friendship/love (being in interpersonal connection), and inspiration (motivation for personal growth). Broaden Momentary Thought- Action Repertoires When a threating event occurs, people usually face a limitation in their thoughts and have limited numbers of actions to perform which Fredrickson called specific actions tendency. But, experiences of positive emotions provide them a wider range of thoughts and actions to choose and suggest them to look for various new opportunities or possibilities in certain situation (called broadening of momentary thought-action repertoires). Build Enduring Personal Resources Through the broadening process of thoughts, positive emotions can also help in building enduring (long term) resources. These resources can be physical, mental, social and psychological. People can develop social support, flexibility, skills and knowledge (personal resources). Individual can also develop physical strength (physical resources), problem solving skills (mental resources), can make new bonds (social resources) and can develop a sense of hopefulness, flexibility, sense of identity and goal orientation (psychological resources). Transform People and Produce Upward Spirals Positive emotions and development of personal resources further help in progressing personal growth as well as providing people with a sense of fulfillment and produce more positive emotions. Relationship of Broad and Build Theory Elements Hence, during the process of broadening and building, positive emotions such as pleasure, satisfaction etc. helps in broadening ones’ thoughts and actions and provides opportunities to look for all possibilities. This broadening emerged from positive emotions further helps in building long term personal resources and advances personal growth ultimately creating more positive emotions. b) Explain a stressful event (experience of negative emotions) from your life. The stressful event from my life was that once I failed in my exam due to poor medical condition. I had high fever and couldn’t prepare well for my paper and attempted it with heavy heart. I was hoping to pass but when result announced I found my name among failures. This experience of failure made me broken into tears. I found no mean of my life and decided to quit my study. I was sad enough that I couldn’t concentrate on any other task. My parents also scold me that I wasted their money. I felt so depressed and I thought that I will never regain my courage and confidence and will never seek good position further. So I decided to quit my study and end up my life on that day. c) Thinking about stressful event, you are supposed to Indicate, Identify and explain (in the below mentioned table) how experience of positive emotions helped you in undoing the experience of experience of negative emotions, broaden your temporary thought-action, build your enduring personal resources and transform and produce you? Negative Emotions Experience of Positive Emotion Broaden Thoughts and Actions Build Long- lasting Resources Transform People and Produce Identification Experience of failure, cry, depression, stress Encouragement and appreciation from teacher brought contentment and hope in my life Flexible thinking, Decision of reappearing in exam Development of the sense of hopefulness, social support, physical courage and problem solving skills Emotional wellbeing, personal satisfaction and success in exam Explanation Experience of failure in exam resulted in a number of negative emotions and I felt depressed, anxious and decided to quit my studies and end my life. When I decided to quit my studies, I went to my teacher and talked to her. She encouraged me that I have been a bright student and have good grades throughout my academic career. She realized me that failure in one paper doesn’t mean the failure in whole life. She helped me to regain my confidence and remind me of my all achievement. Experience of negative emotions has narrowed my thoughts and I was thinking to quit my studies and end up my life. But appreciation and encouragement from teacher helped me to think broadly and look for other possible opportunities. Experience of positive emotions helped me to broaden my thoughts and I regain my confidence. It helped me in building personal, physical, mental, social and psychological resources. I started believing in my abilities, become hopeful, decided to be physically strong and with the help of my peers and teacher support I decided to prepare well for my exam and re-attempt it. Experience of positive emotions helped to build enduring resources and I transformed in to a new and more confident person. I worked hard, trusted in my abilities and ultimately passed my exam with good grades. I decided to never lose hope again and perspective changed.
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    SOLUTION: This is a template as there is no particular solution for this assignment. Demographics: Answer: Par I Name: Gender: Age: Education: Occupation: Marital Status: Answer: Par II As we know the fact that we all play different roles in our lives. For instance I’m playing the role of an instructor, daughter, sister, colleague and much more. But when I have to categorize myself according to my roles then I would like to prioritize me as a role of an instructor. The reason behind is my passionate working attitude. As far as my self-concept is concerned, I’m a very simple girl. I want to wear the simple and decent fabrics. Because this is my belief that simplicity is the best. I prefer to eat traditional foods. I’m a very hardworking and a dedicated girl. I always try at my best level to meet the targets. I’m also an adventurous girl and love to take risks in my life. As far as my ideal-self is concerned, I’d like to enhance my skills and knowledge. I’m fond of progress and want to become an associate professor within 5-years. As we know the fact; this world runs according to the principle of relevance. Different people meet me and have different views about myself. For some one, I’m a very happy, hardworking and passionate person. While for others ones, I’m a rude girl. So, this is the life! When I was in my Master’s program, I had taken the viva on clinical psychology. I have still remembered the encouraging words of my external who appreciate my hard work. So that event really boosted the feelings of empowerment. I’m a very flexible person. This is one of my strengths which I like the most. Whichever the situation becomes; I can adjust with it. At an initial level, I show some resistance but after that, I develop adjustment with the new situation. Finally, students are required to discuss how self-concept develops and role of society in developing and improving it. These are few general tips for improving self-concept. Forgive yourself for past mistakes Focus on your positive attributes Exhibit a good attitude
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    MGT502 Questions 1: What type of organization design would best suit the needs of DiskGate -It, Inc., in your opinion? Justify your choice. Answer: Organizational design: Mechanistic Design for Diskgate-IT, Inc. Justification: • As employees are not highly qualified so they should work as a team under a supervisor or manager to accomplish. • Vertical communication is applicable in this scenario which is only achievable by adopting mechanistic design. • Strict rule and regulation should apply. • Throughout the channel representative chain of command and responsibilities to be considered. • Assign every employee a specific job description to adopt. [image: 7TJGnMt.png] Questions 2: What type of organization design would best suit the needs of Think-It, Inc., in your opinion? Justify your choice. Answer: Organizational design: Organic Design for Think-IT, Inc. Justification: • AS employees are highly qualified so they should work independently. • Having highly qualified bring up more creative and open-minded ideas to adopt by implementing organic design. • Decision making should be decentralized under one person. • Minimal Standard of procedures to be adopt by employees. • This design is more adoptable and flexible to highly qualified employees during any change. • Cross functional communication between departments. [image: S1ldFHR.png] References: • Leonard. (2018). Organic Structure of organizational design. [Online] Available https://smallbusiness.chron.com/organic-structure-organizational-design-58657.html • Ordoro. (2012). Mechanistic organization vs organic organization [Online] Available https://blog.ordoro.com/2012/07/15/mechanistic-organization/
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