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Iqbal’s clarification about his Allahabab Address
Following is the letter, Allama Iqbal wrote to Prof. Edward John Thompson of Oxford University:
Dr. Sir Mohd Iqbal, M.A., Ph.D. Barrister-at-Law
Lahore 4 March 1934
My dear Mr. Thompson,
I have received your review of my book. It is excellent and I am grateful to you for the very kind things you have said of me. But you have made one mistake which I hasten to point as I consider it rather serious. You call me a protagonist of the scheme “Pakistan”. Now Pakistan is not my scheme. The one that I suggested in my address is the creation of a Muslim province i.e a province having an overwhelming population of Muslims in the North West of India. This new province will be according to my scheme, a part of the proposed Indian federation. Pakistan scheme proposes a separate federation of Muslim provinces directly related to England as a separate dominion. This scene originated in Cambridge. The authors of this scheme believe that we Muslim Round Tablers have sacrificed the Muslim nation on the altar of the Hindu or the so called Indian Nationalism.
Yours Sincerely,
Mohammed Iqbal.
Importance
Iqbal’s address is the forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. Why should they be treated as a political entity rather than a minority? The answer is as follows;

• Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the cause of Ummah.
• Redistribution of territory developed later on the concept of Muslim homeland.
• He further expressed these ideas in letters to JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937. He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariah’s development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above the self-interest and devote themselves to Islam.
• In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims.
• Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism.

Allahabad Address
Allama Iqbal delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras from 1928 to 1929. At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The address was delivered in December 1930 in which Iqbal presented a review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of Britain India. He said that the European view of duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society. Rejecting the secularism he said,“Religion is not a totally personal affair”.
He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilisation. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam, the scattered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force.
The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust and fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony, it would be impossible unless the communal question is settled. It’s historical reality that India is a continent inhabited by diverse people. No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality.

• If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilisation and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India.
• Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims.
• Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a need of time.
• Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan be amalgamated into a State, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West India. To India, it will offer peace and security due to internal balance of power.
• Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people.

Allama Iqbal’s Presidential Address
Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal:
Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on history. He inspired the Muslims of the Sub-continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and dream in his Allahabad Address.
Background:
The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood crucial to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained is "separate identity . They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation, having different culture and civilisation interests and rights. The Two Nations theory couldn’t fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in “territorial nationalism”. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they couldn’t face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal delivered his presidential Address in this background.
Iqbal’s stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the roots of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) practically as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam. He sought salvation through Islam.
Social positions:
He was awarded with many prominent social positions like

• Title of Sir was conferred in 1922
• Member of Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930)

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Is 1reputation is equal to 1Rupee?

Consequences of war of independence
The consequences of war of independence are as follows:
1) End of the East India company’s rule:

• Crown took over the change from Company.
• Secretary of State of India was appointed who reported to British Parliament.
  2) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation:
• The transfer of government was done on 1 November, 1958 at Allahabad.
• Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India, promised not to intervene in religious and social matters, would bring equality, pardon soldiers, best for Indian Industries.
  3) End of Mughals and Peshwa:
  Bahadur Shah-|| went to Yangon and Nana Sahib went to Nepal. Two foes of British came to an end.
  4) Relations with Princely States:
  Policy of Annexation and Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned.
  5) Policy of Divide & Rule:
  After 1858, British started Divide & Rule policy i.e Caste against Caste, Princes against people and Hindus against Muslims.
  6) Winding gulf between Hindus & Muslims:
  British sowed seeds of hatred between Hindus and Muslims.
  7) Racial Antagonism:
  British believed that they were superior and maintained distance from Indians. Railways, Parks, hotels, etc had seats " Reserved for Europeans only".
  8) Increased racial bitterness:
  British believed that Indians aren’t trust worthy and remodeled the structure of Indian government based on an idea of a superior race.
  9) Religious changes:
  British rulers declared that they would not intervene in religious affairs, customs and traditions.
  10) Foreign policy:
  Indian foreign policy was decided by British within two aims:
  a. Protection of its Indian empire.
  b. Expansion of British economic and commercial interests.
  11) Changes in Army:
  To avoid another uprising, Indian army was recognized after 1858 in the following matter:
  **a) No. of Indian troops was decreased to 1,40,000 and no. of Eurpean troops was increased to 65,000.
  **b) **European troops were kept in key locations.
  **c) **Policy of excluding Indians from officer positions was strictly followed.
  **c) **Weapons were never placed under the charge of Indians.
  **d) **Divide & Rile policy was practiced during the recruitment in the army. Discouraged nationalism through caste/religion discrimination in regiments.
  **e) **Soldiers were not allowed to read newspapers & journals.
  12) Economic exploitation:
  **a) **India became a colony to export raw material and import finished goods.
  **b) **Salaries of soldiers, military officers, Council members were taken from India’s resources.
  **c) **Peasants were bankrupt/poor during British rule(Indigo peasants).
  **d) **Indian cottage interests and handicrafts collapsed.
  **e) **Indians had to pay heavy taxes, revenues and dividend to British.
  13) Rise of nationalism:
  **a) **Uprising of 1858, paved way for the Rise of the National Movement.
  **b) **Sacrifices made by Rani Luxmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Mangal Panday inspired Indians.
  **c) **Started a tradition of resistance to the British rule.
  14) Depriving the Muslims:
  **a) **The war ended up with the sweeping victory of the British Raj and the end of 800 years of Muslims rule.
  **b) **The victory in War gave them authorities to avenge their disobedience, they made the policies later on to deprive the Muslims of their due rights in India.
  **c) **They denied their due shares in employments, education, trade and finance, while the Hindus were given priority in these domains.
  **d) **Posts of ink fillers, koolies and messengers were fixed for the Muslims as punishment for their audacity in 1857.

Is 1 reputation is equal to 1 rupee?
Please tell me when will I get my salary of Rs.25000?

Reasons behind failure of war of independence
Following are the main reasons behind the failure of war of independence:
1) Limited Rebellion:

• Area of revolt remained limited
• Even complete North Indian didn’t part in it.
• It was limited by some neighborly territories.
  2) Better equipped Britishers:
• The British had better resources than the rebels.
• Gradually, the English army had a lot of resources.
• The telegraph proved very much useful for the English.
  3) The native ruler’s “Misgivings”:
• Many native rulers were with the British.
• The rulers of Patilia, Jinol, Hyderabad, etc supported the British at all.
  4) Opposition from Intelligentsia:
• The Indian intelligentsia didn’t support the rebels.
• The revolt could neither be organised nor fed on intellegentual and emotional ground.
  5) Lacking of strategy:
• Primary source of the failure of the war is planned efforts.
• Absence of central organisation and inferiority in general ship, military skills, strategy and discipline of rebel as compared to the Britishers.
  6) Lack of leadership:
• Absence of capable leaders
• None of the leader are capable and good commanders.
• There is no one in those leaders who are willing to guide their people in good direction.
  7) Diplomacy of English:
  *The Britishers succeeded through their good leadership and well trained army. And well trained military commanders like Neil, Nicoloson, Havelock and Huge Rose.
• The diplomatic skills of the British were also responsible for thier success.

Lucknow
The struggle for independence at Lucknow was led by Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah. The Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence, sought refuge with 1000 English and 700 Indian soldiers inside the Residency. The Indians didn’t make any concession and killed most of the Englishmen, including Sir Henry Lawrence and the notorious English Gen. O’Neil. At last, the commander-in-Chief General Collin Campbell, marched towards Lucknow and captured it after a fierce battle in March 1858.
Jhansi and Gwalior
The leader of revolutionaries in Central India was Rani Luxmi Bai of Jhansi in March 1858 but the brave Luxmi Bai kept the British General unnerved for quite some time. She, with the help of Jantya Tope created problems for the troops. Both faught many successful battles against the British. A fierce battle was faught between the British and the revolutionaries under Rani Luxmi Bai and Tantya Tope from June 11 to June 18, 1858 A.D. But the personal velour of Rani and Tantya Tope couldn’t match the resources at the command of the British. Tantya Tope was betrayed by the Gwalior Chief Man Singh and fell into the hands of British. He was subsequently hanged on April 18, 1859.
Bihar
In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, a Zamindar of Jagdeshpur. Though he was 80 years old, he played a prominent part in the revolt. He fought the British in Bihar and then joined Nana Sahib’s forces and took part in various encounters with the English in Oudh and Central India. He died on April 27, 1858, leaving behind a glorious record of valour and bravery.
Suppression of Revolt:
The revolt of 1857 lasted for more than a year. It was suppressed by the middle of 1858, in July 8, 1858, 14 months after the outbreak at Meerut, peace was finally proclaimed by fanning.

Meerut
On 6th May, 1857 A.D.i5 out of 90 Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to bite the greased cartridges with thier teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martailled and imprisoned for 10 years. They were srripped off their uniforms in the presence of the entire Indian crowd. It was too much of a disgrace and this incident sent a wave of indignation. On 10th May, 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut broke into revolt. They released their companions and murdered a few European officers. On the night of 10th May, the mutineers marched to Delhi and reached there on 11th May.
Delhi
The revolutionaries reached from Meerut to Delhi on the 11th May, 1857 and the small British garrison at Delhi was not able to resist and consequently fell into their hands within 2 days. The Mughal Emperior Bahadhur Shah Zfar, was proclaimed Emperior of India. In order to regain Delhi, Sir John Lawrence sent a strong British force commanded by John Nicholson. After a long siege of 4 months, the British recovered Delhi in September, 1857A.D. The Mughal Emperior Bhadur Shah Zfar was captured, his two sons and a grandson were shot dead before his eyes and he was sent to Rangoon where he died in the year 1862 A.D.
Kanpur
At Kanpur, the struggle for independence was lead by Nana Sahib Dandu Pant (the adopted son of Be Peshwa Baji Rao-||) . A number of British fell into his hands and he showed great kindness to them. But, when he heard about the inhuman attitude of Gen.O’Neil towards the Indians, he became very furious killed all the British. Gen. Havelock captured Kanpur after defeating Nana Sahib in a hotly contested battle on June 17, 1857. Later on , Nana Sahib with the help of Tantya Topi, recaptured Kanpur in November, 1857 but not for a long time and British defeated them against in a fierce war from December 1 to 6, 1857. Nana Sahib fled towards Nepal, where he probably died, while Tantya Topi migrated to Kalpi.

Immediate cause behind war
The revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Before loading ho these rifles, the Sepoys had to bit off the paper on the cartridges. Both Hindu and Muslim Sepoys refused to use them. Canning tried to make amends for the error and the offending cartridges had been done. There was unrest in several places. In March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in Barrakpore, had refused to use the cartridge and attacked his senior officers. He was hanged to death on 8 April. On 9th May,85 soldiers in Meerut refused to use the new rifle and were sentenced to ten years imprisonment.

@zaasmi it’s clear. That

4) Military causes
1) Ill treatment of Indian soldiers:
Indian soldiers were ill treated, poorly fed and badly housed. Didn’t bother about their sentiments and didn’t allow to keep beard, wear turbans, etc.
2) Lower salaries:
Indian soldiers were paid 8 times less salaries than British soldiers.
3) Deprivation of allowances:
British empire was spread across the nation and soldiers had to serve in areas away from their homes without extra payment and additional Bhatta(foreign service allowance). Free post facility for Sepoys was also taken off.
4) Less chances of promotion:
All higher posts were reserved for British( irrespective of their performances). Indian soldiers had thin chances of promotion. They couldn’t go above the post of Subedar. With promotions, the future of Indian soldiers was bleak(miserable).
5) General service enlistment act:
It was considered as Taboo for Brahmin to cross the sea. In spite of that British sent Indians overseas on duty. Didn’t bother about the sentiments.
6) Larger Indian proportion:
In 1856, 238000 Indian soldiers worked in British army as compared to 45,322 British soldiers.
7 ) Faculty distribution of troops:
Strategic important places like Delhi and Allahabad had no British armies and was held by only Indian soldiers. When England was bust in fighting wars outside Indian soldiers decided to strike British.
8) Poor performance of British troops:
Without support of Indian soldiers, British army was weak. This fact was realized by Indian soldiers. Also in various other wars, British had to face defeat, this broke the myth that British were invincible.

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