Re: CS201 Assignment 2 Solution and Discussion

CS201 Introduction to Programming Assignment No 02 Fall 2020 Solution / Discussion Due Date: 18-12-2020
Assignment No. 2
Semester: Fall 2020
CS201 – Introduction to Programming
Total Marks: 20
Due Date: 18-12-2020
Instructions
Please read the following instructions carefully before submitting the assignment:
It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit if:
o Assignment is submitted after due date.
o Submitted assignment does not open or file is corrupt.
o Assignment is copied (From internet/students).

Software allowed to develop Assignment
Dev C++

Objectives:
In this assignment, the students will learn:
How to fill / populate a two-dimensional array using given source data.
How to write user defined functions and pass an array to them as parameter.
How to use if statement and do while loop.
How to calculate the percentage in elements of array.
How to display array elements.

Assignment Submission Instructions
You are required to submit only .cpp file on the assignments interface of CS201 at VU-LMS. Assignment submitted in any other format will not be accepted and will be graded zero marks.

As all of you know that presidential election was conducted in USA recently, and the entire world had an eye on the results. There were three main candidates; Donald Trump from Republicans party, Joe Biden from Democrats and Jo Jorgensen as an independent candidate. Though the strong candidates for this presidential election 2020 were Trump and Biden, and there was tough competition among them. Similarly, some states of USA have played the role of Crucial states (Winning states) to win the election. In this assignment you will be provided with data from USA election 2020 and you have to write C++ program according to the given data.
Problem Statement
Write a menu in C++ which should show the state code and name of winning states at the start of application:
Press 1 for Florida.
Press 2 for Georgia.
Press 3 for Michigan.
Press 4 to exit.
Source data:
(Use two dimensional array to store following data)
State Code
Joe Biden Votes
Donald Trump Votes
Jo Jorgensen Votes
Total Votes
1
5,284,453
5,658,847
70,046
11,013,346
2
2,465,781
2,455,428
61,894
4,983,103
3
2,790,648
2,644,525
60,287
5,495,460
[above dummy data is for assignment purpose only]
Instructions to write C++ program:

Ø Write functions to calculate %age of Joe Biden votes, %age of Donald Trump votes and %age of Jo Jorgensen votes in specific State. Following function names should be used for consistency.

To display all data in matrix form
showElements( );
Percentage of Joe Biden votes
PercentageBiden ( ):
Percentage of Donald Trump votes
PercentageTrump();
Percentage of Jo Jorgensen
PercentageJorgensen();

Sample Output:
First, user will call the showElements() method to display all the source data in matrix form. Then, it will display a menu to calculate the percentage of Biden, Trump and Jorgensen votes for specific state:

If user presses 1 then it will show the percentage of Biden, Trump and Jorgensen votes from state Florida.

If user presses 2 then it will show the percentage of Biden, Trump and Jorgensen votes from state Georgia.

Similarly, If user presses 3 then it will show the percentage of Biden, Trump and Jorgensen votes from state Michigan.

If the user enters option other then 1 to 4. Following messages display:
Choice should be between 1 and 4
Invalid choice, please select again:

Wish you Good Luck!

Lectures Covered: This assignment covers Lecture # 07-15.
Deadline: The deadline to submit your assignment solution is 18-12-2020. Your assignment must be submitted within the due date through VU-LMS. No assignment will be accepted through email after the due date.

As social marketing experts, we’ve been asked so many time this question by clients.

“So Google Ads vs Facebook Ads"

1. Which is better for my business?”

And almost every time we have a similar response – it depends!

Google and Facebook are great, and yes one can be better than the other depending on your business, your audience, and your goals. Let’s take a look, shall we?

The Most common Debate on Google Ads vs Facebook Ads

We understand that small businesses often have a low marketing budget and deciding where to use their ad spend money can be extremely challenging. Let alone completely understanding the difference between Google Ads vs Facebook Ads. Which is why we are taking it upon ourselves to solve and put out some clarity to this debate once and for all. And in the process, help fellow business owners decide which one gets the best return on their marketing investment.

Before jumping straight to the part where we tell you which of them one gets you a far better ROI within the epic battle of Google Ads vs Facebook Ads, let’s start by watching a number of the most differences between the 2 .

What are Google Ads?

The advances in technology over the years has given us as marketers and even consumers more choices than we could have possibly imagined in our lifetime. As a result, it’s changed how we discover , deliver, and receive information. it’s even changed the way to buy and buy products today.

One such internet company who has not only embraced change but helped cultivate it’s Google. Founded in 1998, Google may be a program that’s employed by nearly 70% of online users to look for love or money and everything under the sun. Literally. Thousands of best results concerning products, tips, videos, local businesses and far more during a fraction of a second. Google today processes quite 40,000 search queries every second, quite 3 billion per day and a touch over a trillion per annum . And it’s shown this consistent growth since the first 2000. Imagine how this has and can still change the advertising landscape.

Formerly referred to as Google AdWords, Google Ads has become one among the world’s largest and hottest pay per click advertising platforms. Meaning advertisers on this platform only pay when a user clicks on their ad. Other search engines use similar techniques for his or her advertising platforms also . But Google is so commonly employed by consumers and advertisers alike the term paid search is most famously related to Google Ads.

The image above shows a fast Google search of house cleaners near me. Notice how all of the listings are marked with a green “Ad” label to the left of the listing or “Sponsored” within the top right corner of the screen. Google not only showed me ads most relevant to my search query, they also showed me relevant results supported my location.

Now that you simply understand a touch more of what Google Ads are, take a moment to observe this clip from one among our staff experts as he explains a preview of Google Ads vs Facebook Ads.

What are Facebook Ads?

If Google Ads are popularly mentioned as paid search, then Facebook Ads most definitely are given the title of paid social. Changing consumer behaviors and patterns have undeniably given rise to social media giants that permit consumers connect with their friends, voice concerns about their experiences, and have interaction with topics and businesses they like.

In a previous article, we explained why business owners got to include Facebook advertising in their marketing plans. We highlight how Facebook has become the social powerhouse today with 2.27 billion monthly active users (and counting).

Setting an example for why Facebook ads are so popular among advertisers and business owners. Boasting such impressive user data, it’s of no surprise that last year alone, Facebook Ads accounted for 25% of all online ad spend.

Probably the most important advantage of Facebook over Google is that the incontrovertible fact that it knows our social behavior. We might not be fully conscious of it but we subconsciously reveal information on Facebook about ourselves quite what we shall .

Yes, Facebook collects tons of knowledge . Maybe quite you even realize. The pages you wish , topics you engage in, your friends, your birth date, your current location, your vacation in 2018 then on. Imagine what value can such a knowledge bank created for advertisers looking to focus on specific users. And these emotions, our behavior and what we like features a huge impact on our purchasing decision.

Introducing…(drumroll please)…Facebook Ads!

The below graphic shows Facebook Ads targeting options available to advertisers.

facebook custom audience

For this reason alone, Facebook Ads remain popular among many small business owners as they provide the power to pinpoint your target customer and only advertise to people that are literally likely to get your product or service.

Another example of this is often with Facebook Google Search. you’ll have seen some ads on Facebook for products or services that you simply had previously researched, and located yourself asking, “how does Facebook know what I searched on Google?” Facebook itself doesn’t know this information, however, if a business is partnered with or connected to Facebook, then that data are often wont to wont to show their ads on your Facebook feed.

This amount of specificity are some things that not many advertising platforms can provide, a minimum of not in as great of detail.

facebook google search ad example

Schedule a consult our digital experts today to ascertain how (not if) Facebook ads will help solve your business objectives.

Google Ads vs Facebook Ads – How They Work

What’s the difference between Facebook Ads and Google Ads? the most difference is how products/services are shown to consumers. Facebook shows ads to users supported their interests, while Google shows relevant ads to those that are specifically checking out a product. In simple terms, Facebook tends to specialise in brand outreach, while Google focuses on lead conversion.

Let’s explore both during a little more detail.

Google Ads with its paid search based offerings, lets business owners target users supported the search query they enter on Google, also referred to as keywords. Primarily text based, these ads are aimed toward showing relevant promoted results to users which will help them in their search further.

From a user’s point of view, once they perform a Google look for a specific keyword, they’re shown pages of leads to usually but one second. But at the beginning of every search result page, the initial few listings (the ones with the tag “Ad” on them as seen below) are the promoted listings that advertisers have paid to showcase when that specific keyword is searched.

From an advertiser’s point of view, the Google Ad platform lets them create campaigns which will only appear when users search a keyword that they need to advertise for. For a good more targeted approach, local businesses can target people checking out their keywords in specific geographical area . That way they don’t waste paid clicks on a customer in Wyoming who will probably never visit their mechanic shop in Florida.

Once these campaigns are found out , your ads enter a bidding round with advertisers who have selected similar keywords. and eventually , Google will show the ad that has the very best bid and with the foremost relevant content. Of course, there’s a military of tools Google provides to line up these campaigns but these are the fundamentals you would like to understand .

Facebook Ads on the opposite hand, allows you to target your ad to people supported the behaviors and patterns you select as a targeting profile on its platform. Unlike Google Ads, it’s not supported a user’s search query. Not only does it provide a good range of targeting options supported demographics, it also lets an advertiser target users supported their behaviors, likes, and dislikes.

For these reasons, you would like to form sure you truly know your customer. If you would like help figuring this out, one among our social media advertising experts can put together a customer avatar profile for you.

The below image shows an example of the various ad formats available in Facebook Ads. Choose different display formats (image, video, carousel) and placements.

What Exactly is that the ROI for Google Ads vs Facebook Ads? How can we Determine It?

There was a time when traditional channels like print ads were the go-to-market strategy for business owners. counting on mass communications in local newspapers then hoping that somebody sees their ad and visits them to form a sale . Not knowing needless to say how effective their recent advertising campaign was.

We have come an extended way from those times and today business owners and advertisers have advanced digital tools at their disposal. The newer advertising technologies lets them promote their businesses in several ad formats all while targeting specific customers.

It gets better…

Computer science and data analytics has made it possible to trace these campaigns and count conversions right down to the very hour that they occur. it’s wonderful how advertising platforms tag each and each visit to your website that happen through the ads. Further, the tag follows them even while they create a sale or bounce off. This level of detail means there’s more data than ever before to assist you optimize your campaign’s performance.

We at as Marketing, have technical experts that love taking over this challenge. We track conversions on a day to day and inform business owners how their campaigns are performing.

Moreover, we also help our clients put codes and scripts on their websites that capture website visitors. We then create remarketing campaigns on both Google Ads and Facebook Ads targeting people that have visited our website landing pages before. the power to retarget those past visitors is when the important ROI gets rolling. Because now, you’re not only sending out touches to users once and hoping that they purchase from you. Instead, you’re retargeting everyone who visited your website but didn’t convert.

Testing Google Ads vs Facebook Ads

So, which one finally generates a far better ROI? And make a tough choice simple.

For a business owner, the talk on Facebook Ads vs Google Ads boils right down to one thing and one thing only – which of the 2 choices will provide the foremost profit? and that we completely understand that.

For this reason, we decided to conduct a test of our own then let our opinions be known. The test subject we began to review was an area gym business. The client came to us with the first business objective of accelerating memberships to the gym. And a secondary objective of accelerating awareness of his new business.

We found out two campaigns and ran them for 30 days to measure the marketplace for the merchandise before we presented our recommendations. The below two tables is what our campaigns achieved at the top of this trial period .

Google Ads

Facebook Ads

We first checked out the Facebook campaign. It did great! Exceeded our client’s expectations, even. By getting over 103 membership purchases and quite 150K impressions we thought we had a transparent winner during this test. Further, it helped achieve this at a price per conversion of $11. Not bad, right? The client was blown away with the results and was happy to continue the Facebook ad campaign knowing these results could only improve over time.

Next up, we checked out the Google Ads we had created. Not only did it spend but what we had found out the campaign to spend, it also helped us get quite 200 memberships at the speed of only $4 per conversion. We found some pretty interesting data points to optimize our campaigns further. By the top of the test, our Google Ads had been seen by users specifically checking out gym memberships. We knew they might become lifelong customers. These sorts of results during the invention phase are an excellent indication of what sort of ads work best for our client.

The campaign found out and infrastructure are often overwhelming. But trust us, we’ve been doing this for a short time now (8 years to be precise). and that we skills to urge you the results you would like . Get a free consultation with our digital marketing experts today to ascertain how you’ll get the simplest return on your investment.

If you’re still trying to make a decision between Google Ads vs Facebook Ads, our experienced staff knows just the way to make that call . We don’t promise overnight success, but we’ll scale business opportunities for you and obtain you the higher ROI you crave.

Our Recommendation within the Google Ads vs Facebook Ads Debate

If the judgement goes to be supported return on the particular investment dollars spent, Google Ads has often proved to be the undisputed king. the very fact that we managed to realize more purchases all by utilizing a lesser ad spend, goes on to point out the effectiveness of Google Ads in terms of ROI.

The answer might surprise some but from what we saw through this test, just reconfirmed what we’ve believed for a short time . If you’re a replacement business and wish to form a tough choice supported getting more sales immediately , a lead campaign on Google will provide you with the higher return on investment, supported a sales outcome.

Even though Google Ads generally require a bigger advertising budget, they also require experience. Google wants to deliver the simplest to its user, so you’ve got to deliver an equivalent . the standard of your ad and website content instead of the ad spend may be a significant Google ranking factor when it involves ad bidding wars and your ads being shown over the competition. to form sure you’re the triple threat you would like to be, we highly suggest working with workplace who has advertising experts in your industry.

So with all of this being said, if you’re a replacement business with an honest budget and an easy goal, Google Ads could be the simplest option for you when trying to find an easy answer within the battle of Google Ads vs Facebook Ads.

The Flip Side to Our Recommendation in Google Ads vs Facebook Ads

Facebook Advertising beyond a doubt should be at the middle of a business owner’s marketing plan. Especially when it involves his/her paid social strategy. Not only does it offer you a deeper insight into your audiences’ social behaviors, but also allows you to grow a social community around your business.

One that we all know is that the most vital factor for business growth – word of mouth. No other advertising platform has greater power when it involves creating communities and fan experiences around businesses like Facebook does.

The return on investment from Facebook Ads is far deeper than something are often measured by dollar amount alone. We all know the large potential of the channel and the way big of a crowd puller it are often . that creates its advertising platform a force to be reckoned with.

As we said, every business is different.

With different products and unique customer profiles.

This means what might work for one business owner, won’t for an additional . this is often certainly true once you are judging your return on investment in advertising.

Talk to our team today to ascertain how different ad platforms fit into your business and find out how we will get you a far better return on your investment.

Our Final Verdict

Sure, we had a transparent winner during this particular debate. But the larger debate of paid search vs paid social is clearly one that needs tons of testing with many various variables. We also understand that the solution isn’t always as simple because the one we discussed today. the selection depends on various factors like your business objectives, your business type or your customer audience. All have an equal role to play within the success of a campaign and therefore the ROI achieved.

The choice might not always be clear. But we often recommend business owners to seem beyond ROI and consider judging campaigns supported the entire value they carry to your business – even within the case of Google Ads vs Facebook Ads. Value are often anything from building brand awareness to reaching potential customers or getting more leads, conversions, and purchases.

We want to wrap it up and leave you with the subsequent thought:

Google Ads will assist you find new customers directly and within the process, offer you a moment return on your marketing investment. While Facebook Ads will help new customers find and explore you. And this manner offer you a far better ROI within the end of the day .

Interested to find out more or discuss your thoughts? inspect these related articles or drop a comment below to start out a discussion.

Reff Lyfe

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Opening Date: Aug 18, 2020 12:00 AM
Closing Date: Aug 21, 2020 11:59 PM

Amazon says it will produce hundreds of thousands of face shields for medics and sell them at cost price in the US.

The internet giant said engineers from its drone and hardware divisions had been tasked with developing the product.

At first, it will sell them to healthcare professionals, before making them available to all Amazon customers.

Amazon is not the first major US firm to use its resources to produce personal protective equipment (PPE).

Apple began sending face shields to hospitals in March. Space X, HP and Ford also used their manufacturing resources to make and donate face shields and other types of protective equipment.

Amazon said that it had donated 10,000 face shields in the US and was “on track” to deliver a further 20,000.

But its plan to sell them at low prices on its website will make them available to the general public, something other firms have not done.

A look on Amazon’s marketplace on Thursday showed face shields sold by independent sellers were priced between $12 (£9.80) and $35.

Once Amazon makes its mask available to all its customers, it could drive the price down significantly.

The online retail giant has faced criticism for undercutting the prices of independent retailers on its sites, but anti-trust experts say its efforts to help in this crisis will likely offset those concerns.

“People who are concerned about Amazon’s predatory behaviour might be concert but more people will be happy Amazon is making sure these are lower cost at a time of crisis,” said Michael Kades, director of markets and competition at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth.
Amazon’s design

The company said it based its designs on a face shield developed by a community of 3D printing enthusiasts in Washington.

After making some changes, its designs had been approved by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Image copyright Amazon
Image caption 3D printed headbands designed to work with face shields that will be distributed to healthcare professionals

Engineers from Amazon’s drone division specialising in hardware design created a new design within a week that improved the quality of the materials to allow them to be reusable and added an enhanced snap feature to keep the shield in-place to make them safer.

The engineers also amended the geometry of the shields to reduce sharp edges that could snag clothing or hair, thinned the forehead band to reduce pressure on a person’s forehead, and drastically improved print time making them quicker to manufacture.

Amazon’s Brad Porter wrote in a blog post: “Because of the design innovations and the capabilities of our supply chain, we are confident we will be able to list them at a significantly lower price - almost a third of the cost - than all other reusable face shields currently available to frontline workers.”

The internet giant is also making its designs - known as the origami design and brimmed design - open source so that the shields could be 3D printed by anyone.

Both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the British Standards Institution (BSI) have warned that homemade and 3D printed face shields do not always protect healthcare workers’ faces from exposure to the coronavirus.

But the global shortage of PPE has led to an increasing number of frontline medical workers crafting homemade equipment.

Amazon did not say whether it would provide the masks to workers at its warehouse who have reported a lack of safety equipment during the coronavirus pandemic.

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KARACHI: Last week, Facebook appointed 20 people from round the world to serve on what is going to effectively be the social media network’s “Supreme Court” for speech, issuing rulings on what quite posts are going to be allowed and what should be taken down.

The list features a former prime minister, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and a number of other constitutional law experts and rights advocates, including the Pakistani lawyer and founding father of Digital Rights Foundation (DRF), Nighat Dad.

The creation of an oversight board by a social media company isn’t only a primary for internet regulation, but also for Pakistan because the country is now on the worldwide tech map with Ms Dad’s inclusion.

While it’s set a replacement model for accountability on content management, to what extent will it shape the company’s policies?
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Selection of cases

The board will give users an opportunity to appeal against any wrongful removal of their content on Facebook and Instagram. Although, the board will only review a fraction of these appeals as a user must first exhaust Facebook’s appeals before they will involve the board.

According to the board’s leadership, the panel will specialise in the “most challenging” content issues for Facebook, including in areas like hate speech, harassment and protecting people’s safety and privacy.

Oversight board will issue rulings on what quite posts are going to be allowed and what should be taken down

Besides user appeals, it’ll even be ready to hear cases that are referred by Facebook. Facebook will directly refer cases to the board that are significant and difficult.

Significant, as defined within the bylaws, means the content in question involves real-world impact and issues that are important for public discourse.

Difficult means the content raises questions on current policies or their enforcement, with strong arguments on each side for either removing or leaving up the content under review. The board has sole discretion to simply accept or reject cases that are referred through this process.

Facebook has long faced criticism for high-profile content moderation issues, including removal of pro-Kashmir posts, hate speech in Myanmar against the Rohingya and other Muslims.

Recently, the corporate included guidelines on pandemic content to its list of community standards. However, with the platform now relying largely on automated moderation, anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists have already become adept at gaming the platform’s rules.

Unless its policies and moderation improve, the board is a smaller amount likely to cause major change because the final judgment are going to be in accordance with Facebook’s community standards.

Another challenge limiting its efforts is that the global scale at it which it operates. Facebook said the board members chosen collectively have lived in additional than 27 countries and speak a minimum of 29 languages.

Globally, there are 2.5 billion people using the platform in additional than 100 languages.

Regulation in Pakistan

It is important to say that not all content are often submitted to the board for its review.

The board’s decisions are going to be binding “unless implementation could violate the law”, Facebook said.

This is the only reason why the board’s addition is a smaller amount likely to vary much for internet regulation in countries with repressive cyber laws, like Pakistan.

During the primary half 2019, Pakistan reported the very best volume of content (31 per cent) to Facebook.

In its transparency report, Facebook said it restricted 5,690 items within Pakistan. None of the 5,690 items from the Facebook’s transparency report were removed for violating its content policies but under Pakistan’s cybercrime law.

The government has also introduced the web Citizens Protection (Against Online Harm) Rules, 2020.

Under the new rules, social media platforms are going to be required to get rid of any ‘unlawful content’ acknowledged to them in writing or electronically signed email within 24 hours, and in emergency cases within six hours. With the web harm rules in effect, if as an example , the authority now specifies 2,000 items to Facebook for removal, the platform are going to be required to completely suits it.

“Ultimately, Facebook has got to respect local law in every country it operates in, so governments are liberal to introduce laws and Facebook, and therefore the board, would need to follow those laws,” a spokesperson for the overview board told Dawn.

Account suspensions not included

Initially, the board will only review individual pieces of content, like specific posts, photos, videos and comments on Facebook and Instagram.

The scope will expand within the future to incorporate other forms of content, for instance content that has been left up, also as pages, profiles, groups or events.

Last year, Facebook removed 103 pages, groups and accounts on both Facebook and Instagram as a part of a network that originated in Pakistan. during a blogpost on the takedown, Facebook said it had found that the network was linked to employees of Pakistani military.

The spokesperson said the accounts and pages removed over ‘coordinated inauthentic behaviour’ on Facebook won’t be reviewed by the panel for now as Facebook already partnered with “independent people” to review and document its CIB enforcement actions and therefore the results were an outcome of weeks or months of investigations by its teams.

Dad’s role

According to the board, members don’t represent individual countries when making decisions.

Each case identified by the board’s case-selection committee are going to be assigned to a five-member panel, four picked randomly from the board at large and one “from among those board members who are from the region which the content primarily affects”.

“A five-member panel will deliberate over a case of content implicating Pakistan would come with a minimum of one member from Central and South Asia, though this might not necessarily be Nighat Dad,” a board spokesperson told Dawn.

As a part of vetting, new board members (including Ms Dad) are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest, the board added.

Regarding Ms Dad’s advocacy in Pakistan, the spokesperson said the DRF founder will not be advocating with Facebook on to take specific policy positions and can also not have an avenue for escalating content to the corporate as a digital rights activist, it said.

“That said, others at Digital Rights Foundation (DRF), will remain engaged with Facebook — completely break away Nighat and her work on the Oversight Board,” the OB representative added.

Lesson 13
DNA is a polynucleotide chain(containing more then 50 deoxyribonucleotide) and oligonucleotide(less then 50 deoxyribonucleotide) plz sir give me example of oligonucleotide???

HONG KONG: Facebook has apologised for its role within the deadly communal unrest that shook Sri Lanka two years ago after an investigation found that hate speech and rumours spread on the platform may have led to violence against Muslims.

The riots in early 2018 erupted as anti-Muslim anger was whipped abreast of social media, forcing the Sri Lankan government to impose a state of emergency and block access to Facebook.

The tech giant commissioned a search into the part it’s going to have played, and investigators said incendiary content on Facebook may have led to violence against Muslims.

“We deplore the misuse of our platform,” Facebook said during a statement to Bloomberg News after the findings were released on Tuesday. “We recognise, and apologise for, the very real human rights impacts that resulted.” a minimum of three people were killed and 20 injured within the 2018 unrest, during which mosques and Muslim businesses were burned, mainly within the central a part of the Sinhalese Buddhist-majority nation.
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The hate speech and rumours spread on Facebook “may have led to ‘offline’ violence”, consistent with Article One, the human rights consultancy hired to conduct the investigation.

LAHORE: Former fast bowler Shaoib Akhtar’s lawyer Abuzar Salman Khan Niazi has replied to the legal defamation notice served on the pacer by Taffazul Rizvi, the lawyer of the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), on April 29.

Shoaib’s lawyer has dismissed the legal notice of defamation by saying: “That, the notice under reply, for all the intents and purposes, is manifestly invalid in law, defective, faulty, vague and circumlocutory and is susceptible to be rejected because the same fails to satisfy the mandatory requirement of Section 8 of the Defamation Ordinance 2002.”

“A bare reading of the afore-stated section 8 makes it explicitly clear that no action in any form whatsoever under the ordinance are often initiated unless the mandatory requirement of specifying defamatory material within the notice under section 8 is satisfied,” the lawyer further responded.

Shoaib’s lawyer further stated: “That in sight of the above you’re urged to withdraw the Notice under Reply forthwith and tender an apology for defaming, humiliating and ridiculing my client vide the Notice under Reply.”
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It may be mentioned that Shoaib, during a statement made on his YouTube channel, had criticised the performance of Taffazul and described him as incompetent. Reac­ting to the tirade, Taffazul sent a legal notice of defamation, asking Shoaib to withdraw his statement plus tender an apology otherwise he would sue him certain Rs 100 million.

Ireland have announced the postponement of home matches against New Zealand and Pakistan because of the coronavirus pandemic.

The Irish were scheduled to play the Black Caps in three Twenty20s and three ODIs on 19 June-2 July before taking on Pakistan in two T20s.

The away ODI series against England is “under active discussion”.

Cricket Ireland added that the three games “could move from their original dates in September”.

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• Ireland tour of Zimbabwe called off

• Pay cuts for Cricket Ireland staff

The loss of the New Zealand and Pakistan matches effectively wipes out Ireland’s schedule of home fixtures this summer.

Government announcements in the Republic of Ireland and UK on Covid-19 restrictions have ruled out the feasibility of staging the matches.
Up against it

“We deeply regret that we can’t provide any international cricket at home to our fans this year, but we were always up against it with our entire home international programme coming in the first half of the season,” said Cricket Ireland chief executive Warren Deutrom.

"We regard our matches as postponed until further notice, and I know Cricket Ireland is not alone in looking forward to the day that the Full Members can get around a table with the ICC to work out how, and if, we can fit everything in the current FTP cycle.

"With regards to the three ODIs against England scheduled for September, discussions with the ECB are ongoing.

"We will try to be as flexible as possible around these - as they are currently set to be our first fixtures as part of the new World Cup Super League, however, numerous challenges have to be resolved - notably around timing, bio-secure venues and quarantine requirements for players who travel.

“We will continue to work with the ECB on trying to make these fixtures happen, but the issues involved will take a little while to work through.”

Bowlers Mohammad Amir and Wahab Riaz have not had their central contracts renewed by the Pakistan Cricket Board.

Amir, 28, retired from Tests last year but had hoped to continue playing international white-ball cricket.

He has 259 wickets in 145 matches for Pakistan in all formats while Wahab, 34, has 228 wickets in 147 matches.

Chief selector, head coach and former captain Misbah-ul-Haq said the pair “remain in contention” and “can still contribute” to Pakistan.

Fast bowlers Shaheen Afridi, Mohammad Abbas, Usman Shinwari and 17-year-old Naseem Shah did receive contracts.

Batsman Babar Azam was also named one-day international captain, having already held the position of Twenty20 skipper.

Scores of UK and US children have been affected by a rare inflammatory disease linked to coronavirus.

In a tiny number of children it can cause serious complications, with some needing intensive care.

Up to 100 children in the UK have been affected and studies suggest the same reaction is being seen in children elsewhere in Europe.

It is likely to be caused by a delayed immune response to the virus which looks like Kawasaki disease.

In April, NHS doctors were told to look out for a rare but dangerous reaction in children.

This was prompted by eight children becoming ill in London, including a 14-year-old who died.

They all had similar symptoms when they were admitted to Evelina London Children’s Hospital, including a high fever, rash, red eyes, swelling and general pain.

Most of the children had no major lung or breathing problems, although seven were put on a ventilator to help improve heart and circulation issues.

Doctors are describing it as a “new phenomenon” similar to Kawasaki disease shock syndrome - a rare condition that mainly affects children under the age of five. Symptoms include a rash, swollen glands in the neck and dry and cracked lips.

But this new syndrome is also affecting older children up to the age of 16, with a minority experiencing serious complications.

Coronavirus: 'My son had symptoms of rare syndrome'

Dr Liz Whittaker, clinical lecturer in paediatric infectious diseases and immunology, at Imperial College London, said the fact that the syndrome was occurring in the middle of a pandemic, suggests the two are linked.

“You’ve got the Covid-19 peak, and then three or four weeks later we’re seeing a peak in this new phenomenon which makes us think that it’s a post-infectious phenomenon,” she said.

This means it is likely to be something related to the build up of antibodies after infection.
‘Exceptionally rare’

Prof Russell Viner, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said the majority of children who have had the condition have responded to treatment and are getting better and starting to go home.

The syndrome is “exceptionally rare”, he said.

“This shouldn’t stop parents letting their children exit lockdown,” Prof Viner added.

He said understanding more about the inflammatory disease “might explain why some children become very ill with Covid-19, while the majority are unaffected or asymptomatic”.

Children are thought to make up just 1-2% of all cases of coronavirus infection, accounting for less than 500 admissions to hospital.

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Michael Levin, professor of paediatrics and international child health at Imperial, explained that most of the children tested negative for coronavirus, but tested positive for detection of antibodies.

“So we really think that the biology of the disease, somehow involves an unusual immune response to the virus,” he said.

However Prof Levin said there was “a vast amount to learn” about the reaction, which had only been known about for two to three weeks.

Children appear to be affected up to six weeks after they have been infected with the virus, which could explain the appearance of the new syndrome several weeks after the peak of UK cases.
What is the situation elsewhere in the world?

There have been similar cases in the US, Spain, Italy, France and the Netherlands.

At least 15 US states are looking into the rare condition, according to New York governor Andrew Cuomo.

Out of 82 diagnosed cases of the inflammatory syndrome in New York, 53 children tested positive or had antibodies for Covid-19.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the US is set to issue an alert and updated definition of the syndrome to healthcare providers this week.

Meanwhile, according to a study by doctors in northern Italy, 10 children have been affected by the disease.

All 10 of the children in the study were admitted to a hospital in Bergamo - the city at the centre of the worst outbreak in Italy - between mid-February and mid-April, and recovered.

The children, who had an average age of seven, tended to have severe symptoms such as heart complications and signs of toxic shock syndrome. They also needed additional treatment with steroids.

In antibody tests on the children, eight appeared to have already had the coronavirus while the other two had not. But the researchers said the tests were not 100% accurate. Swab tests to detect the virus are not thought to be useful because the reaction tends to occur many weeks after infection.

Dr Lucio Verdoni, report author and doctor at the Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII in Bergamo, said: “Although this complication remains very rare, our study provides further evidence on how the virus may be affecting children.”

Child health experts in the UK say it may not be something which just affects children.

They are now working with researchers in the US and across Europe to find out more about what they have called paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome or (PIMS-TS).

Germany’s forthcoming coronavirus contact-tracing app will trigger alerts only if users test positive for Covid-19.

That puts it at odds with the NHS app, which instead relies on users self-diagnosing via an on-screen questionnaire.

UK health chiefs have said the questionnaire is a key reason they are pursuing a “centralised” design despite privacy campaigners’ protests.

Germany ditched that model in April.

And on Wednesday Chancellor Angela Merkel said there would be a “much higher level of acceptance” for a decentralised approach, which is designed to offer a higher degree of anonymity.
Image copyright EPA
Image caption Germany’s chancellor believes a decentralised app will be more popular

Automated contact tracing uses smartphones to register when their owners are in close proximity for significant amounts of time.

If someone is later found to have the virus, a warning can be sent to others they may have infected, telling them to get tested themselves and possibly go into quarantine.

In the centralised model, the contact-matching happens on a remote computer server.

And the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre has said this will enable it to catch attackers trying to abuse the self-diagnosis system.

By contrast, the decentralised version carries out the process on the phones themselves.

And there is no central database that could be used to re-identify individuals and reveal with whom they had had spent time.

BBC News technology correspondent Rory Cellan-Jones said: "The NHS is taking a big gamble in choosing to alert app users when they have been in contact with someone who has merely reported symptoms.

“It could make the app fast and effective - or it could mean users become exasperated by a blizzard of false alarms.”

Ms Merkel said SAP and Deutsche Telekom - which are co-developing Germany’s app - were waiting for Google and Apple to release a software interface before they could complete their work.

And BBC News has learned the two US technology companies plan to release the finished version of their API (application programming interface) as soon as Thursday.
False alerts

Details of Germany’s Corona-Warn-App published on the code-sharing site Github say it depends solely on medical test results to “avoid misuse”.
Media captionWatch: What is contact tracing and how does it work?

Those who test positive will be given a verification code that must be entered into the app before it anonymously flags them as being a risk to others.

Germany has led the way in testing in Europe and currently has capacity to analyse about 838,000 samples per week.

The UK is catching up - but scientists advising the NHS say they can save more lives by also drawing on self-diagnosis data.

“Speed is of the essence,” Prof Christophe Fraser, of the Oxford Big Data Institute, said last week.

It can take several days to obtain Covid-19 test results.

And self-reported symptoms can be acted on instantly.

But an ethics advisory board advising Health Secretary Matt Hancock on the app has warned too many resulting “false positive alerts could undermine trust in the app and cause undue stress to users”.

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The NHS is currently trialling its app on the Isle of Wight.

There have been reports of some suspected false alerts.

But a Department of Health spokeswoman said this had been expected.

“In a matter of days, more than 50,000 people have downloaded the app with overwhelmingly positive feedback,” she told BBC News.

“But as with all new technologies, there will be issues that need to be resolved in how it works, which is why it is being trialled before a national rollout.”

The NHS is also exploring use of the Apple-Google API, which would entail a switch to the decentralised model.

But it intends to offer users the centralised version first, unless plans to complete the rollout within a fortnight go awry.
Image copyright Reuters
Image caption Norway’s data regulator is at odds with the country’s’ National Institute of Public Health about its contact-tracing app

One sticking point could be calls for limits on how the data is used - possibly requiring a new law.

That would avoid the risk of a repeat of the situation in Norway, where the local data protection watchdog has accused the country’s health authority of failing to carry out a proper risk assessment of a centralised contact-tracing app.

Social media and other websites will have just one hour to delete offending content under a new law passed by France’s parliament.

The one-hour deadline applies to content that French authorities consider to be related to terrorism or child sexual abuse.

Failing to act could result in fines of up to 4% of global revenue - billions of euros for the largest online firms.

But critics say the new law could restrict freedom of expression.

The new rules apply to all websites, whether large or small. But there are concerns that only internet giants such as Facebook and Google actually have the resources to remove content as quickly as required.

Digital rights group La Quadrature du Net said the requirement to take down content that the police considered “terrorism” in just one hour was impractical.

“If the site does not censor the content, for example because the report is sent on a weekend or overnight, the police can require [the whole site] to be blocked everywhere in France by internet service providers,” it said.

It said the power to decide what should be removed should not lie with the police but with judges.
Incitement to hatred

France’s new law reflects one proposed at the European Union level, where law-makers last year suggested a one-hour deadline for the removal of content.

But that proposal proved controversial and is currently in limbo.

France pushed ahead with its own version of the law despite the concerns in Europe.

Under the new French law, content judged to be illegal - but not relating to terrorism or child sexual abuse - will have to be taken down within 24 hours of notification.

That includes posts inciting hatred, violence, racism, and sexual harassment.

Failure to remove content could attract a fine of up to €1.25m (£1.1m).

France’s regulator, the Superior Council of the Audiovisual (CSA), will have the power to impose heftier fines of up to 4% of global turnover for continuous and repeated violations.

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Laetitia Avia, the MP from President Macron’s LREM party who proposed the bill, said the law would protect victims, while reaffirming the country’s commitment to freedom of expression.

However, France’s Republicans party voted against the measure.

Member Constance Le Grip told the National Assembly that fighting online hatred could not come at the expense of freedom of expression.

Her colleague in the Senate Bruno Retailleau tweeted that the new law was “incompatible with respect for public freedoms”.

Facebook said it was working closely with French regulator CSA and others “on the implementation of this law”.

YouTube said it already tackled illegal content and welcomed any new partnership with governments.

Twitter’s head of public affairs in France, Audrey Herblin-Stoop, told Reuters that the company would continue to work with the government to fight illegal content and hate speech.

More than a quarter of the most-viewed coronavirus videos on YouTube contain “misleading or inaccurate information”, a study suggests.

In total, the misleading videos had been viewed more than 62 million times.

Among the false claims was the idea that pharmaceutical companies already have a coronavirus vaccine but are refusing to sell it.

YouTube said it was committed to reducing the spread of harmful misinformation.

The researchers suggested “good quality, accurate information” had been uploaded to YouTube by government bodies and health experts.

But it said the videos were often difficult to understand and lacked the popular appeal of YouTube stars and vloggers.

The study, published online by BMJ Global Health, looked at the most widely viewed coronavirus-related videos in English, as of 21 March.

After excluding duplicate videos, videos longer than an hour and videos that did not include relevant audio or visual material, they were left with 69 to analyse.

The videos were scored on whether they presented exclusively factual information about viral spread, coronavirus symptoms, prevention and potential treatments.

Videos from government agencies scored significantly better than other sources, but were less widely viewed.

Of the 19 videos found to include misinformation:

• about a third came from entertainment news sources

• national news outlets accounted for about a quarter

• internet news sources also account for about a quarter

• 13% had been uploaded by independent video-makers

The report recommends that governments and health authorities should collaborate with entertainment news sources and social media influencers to make appealing, factual content that is more widely viewed.

YouTube said in a statement: "We’re committed to providing timely and helpful information at this critical time, including raising authoritative content, reducing the spread of harmful misinformation and showing information panels, using NHS and World Health Organization (WHO) data, to help combat misinformation.

"We have clear policies that prohibit videos promoting medically unsubstantiated methods to prevent the coronavirus in place of seeking medical treatment, and we quickly remove videos violating these policies when flagged to us. Now any content that disputes the existence or transmission of Covid-19, as described by the WHO and the NHS is in violation of YouTube policies. For borderline content that could misinform users in harmful ways, we reduce recommendations.

“We’ll continue to evaluate the impact of these videos on communities around the world.”
Analysis

by Marianna Spring, specialist disinformation and social media reporter

In recent weeks, there has been an increase in highly polished videos promoting conspiracy theories being shared on YouTube - and they prove very popular.

So these findings - although concerning - are not surprising.

The accurate information shared by trusted public health bodies on YouTube tends to be more complex.

It can lack the popular appeal of the conspiracy videos, which give misleading explanations to worried people who are looking for quick answers, or someone to blame.

That includes videos such as Plandemic, which was widely shared online last week.

High-quality production values and interviews with supposed experts can make these videos very convincing. Often facts will be presented out of context and used to draw false conclusions.

And tackling this kind of content is a game of cat-and-mouse for social media sites.

Once videos gain traction, even if they are removed, they continue to be uploaded repeatedly by other users.

It is not just alternative outlets uploading misinformation either. Whether for views or clicks, the study suggests some mainstream media outlets are also guilty of spreading misleading information.

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