Solution: S. No Disease/Disorder Biological Factors (6x1=6) Psychological Factors (6x1=6) Social Factors (6x1=6) 01 Hypertension High Cholesterol Level Negative thinking Family/workplace issues 02 Diabetes Insulin impairment Lack of motivation to change life style Culturally saying no. to sweets is embarrassing. 03 Depression Low dopamine Negative thinking Family pressures 04 Obesity Genetic factor Low self esteem Bullying 05 Heart Disease High Cholesterol Level Negative thinking Family/workplace issues 06 Cancer Tumor cell formation Hopelessness Lack of family support

Solution: Scenario Psychosexual Stage (1*5) Justification (3*5) Azhar is a newborn baby. His mother feeds him thrice a day. Gradually she noticed that Azhar is often putting different objects in his mouth. Oral The Oral stage of psychosexual development starts from birth to 12 or 18 months of age. The erogenous zone of the individual is his/her mouth. The baby seeks pleasure through activities which involve the use of oral cavity. For e.g., eating, sucking etc. Zain is being toilet trained by his family. The family noticed that Zain gets pleasure by controlling his bowel and bladder movements. Anal The Anal stage of psychosexual development lasts begins after Oral stage and lasts till 3 years. During this stage, the individual’s erogenous zone is the anal cavity. The baby seeks pleasure through activities involving the anal region. For example, expulsion of feces. Parents of Ahmed noticed that after reaching the age of 8, he is often touching different parts of his body, especially his genitals. He is attached more to his mother as compared to his father. Phallic The phallic stage of psychosexual development lasts from 3-6 years of age. Sexual energy starts to develop in the child and this when Oedipus and Electra complex are developed. A male child would develop castration anxiety while a female child will develop penis envy. Qamar, at age 11, prefers making friends with boys as compared to girls. He would also study different books and focuses more on productive tasks. Latency This stage of psychosexual development lasts from 6 years of age to puberty. The sexual energy at this stage drops down and the child starts mingling with same-sex peers. Ilyas, at the age of 17, seeks to form intimate relationships with girls. He noticed different signs of puberty in himself as well. Genital This stage of psychosexual development lasts from puberty to the adulthood. The child in this stage, develops sexual maturity, sexual energy develops again and he/she also start getting engaged in sexual activity as well.

Solution: Q. 1 Explain four forms of feminism (i.e. Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Socialist Feminism and Cultural Feminism) with the help of examples. Q.1 Solution: There are four main forms of feminism; Liberal feminism, Radical Feminism, socialist feminism and cultural feminism. Liberal feminism Liberal feminism defined the female’s role same as male. It considered that all the rights which male have should be owned by the female as well. There should not be any difference in any kind of rights and privileges on the basis of gender. Th example could be providing the equal rights to women like in the witness, two females are equal to one male this should be equated according to liberal philosophy. Radical feminism This form asserts that the cultural notion of the gender should be not be part of the society. It is assumed that men are oppressors and women are oppressed in the society according to the current practices. This is kind of oppression which is followed by the different racial and social class. So, in this way such cultural notions practiced in the society should be eliminated and women would have same freedom and empowerment as men. For example, taking stand against social norms like Malala took stand and go for education against the norms of her culture, and she worked for her empowerment. Socialist feminism The socialist feminism have the idea that rather than enjoying the individual freedom and rights and seeking for liberal rights separately, women and men should go together in persuasion of rights. This refers to the mutual respect and valuing the rights of each other and with mutual acceptance of those rights makes both genders enjoying their rights in the society. It is kind of equality but with togetherness. For example, in west, male and female share both responsibilities financial as well as house chores. Females tend to work outside their homes and males take part in house chores as well. Cultural feminism In this form of feminism it is important to have social change in the society. It is essential for the society to set and follow the all the traditional values which have determined by the society. It says that feminist values in the society are right and females should follow the social roles and social norms set for the women. These values and traditions are considered as superior in the society. It includes the examples where females submit to the decisions of their parents and elders according to the socially set norms like agreeing for arrange marriage quietly and remain shy and acceptable to parents’ decision, made her more respectable and good in the sight of society and family. Question 2. Analyze Asian culture and highlight at least two forms of feminism that are prevailing in our society now a days. Justify your stance with the help of example. Answer: Feminism is practiced differently even within the Asia. There are many differences in the cultural and feminist practices in the different cultures and regions of Asia it has found broadly that there are two form of feminism which prevails in the Asian culture, first is socialist feminism in which all the developed countries include. As part of this form of feminism, male and female together decide the roles in the society and almost equal rights are provided in their certain roles provided or decided by the society. Their own consent is part of the division of their roles. Such societies have the examples where females take part in the society as working women and share the house chores as well. In the same way power and rights are also shared by both genders. The second most prevalent form of feminism in Asia is, cultural feminism in which women just follow the roles and values of the society which has determined by the culture of that particular region. Many examples could be found in the developing countries where women are not empowered, their literacy rate is lower than men and they do not go to work. They just do the house chores and rare children while following the similar social norms and values. According to this form women can better enjoy their rights by following the social norms as it gives them acceptance from the society and made them valuable in their culture.

Solution: Explain three stages of consumer decision making (Input, process & Output) while purchasing a product. Answer: The process of consumer’s decision making is based on the three distinct stages but these stages are inter-linked and make a process of consumer’s decision making. The process of decision making of the consumer is consisted of; input stage, process stage, and output stage. These three stages, step by step, lead and guide towards to the decision making of the consumer. Input stage The input stage is, where consumer recognize his need for anything. This recognition of the needs, make the consumer explore and think about the possible options available in the market. At this stage, consumer faces two kinds of influences from the market. First is ‘firm’s marketing efforts’ and second is ‘external sociological influences’. The marketing efforts include; the product, what is its price, how it is being promoted and the place where it is being kept and sold. These are all the factors which contribute or impact the consumer at this stage from the marketer’s perspective. The second aspect include; the influences on the consumer. How the consumer has heard about the product from the family, friends, neighbors, or any information which has been gathered from non- commercial sources like word of mouth etc., the social class of the consumer, and the cultural and sub-cultural background and membership. These are the factors which contribute in setting the need and want of the consumer at the input stage. In short at the input stage the information which is part of the consumer’s input about the product, studied at this stage. Process stage The process stage aims to explore the ways that how consumer make decisions. The psychological factors of the individual play the role at this stage. These factors are; perception of the consumer, motivation towards buying, overall personality of the consumer, learning of the consumer, previously has been done, and attitude towards the product. At this stage the input information is evaluated in reference to these internal factors and in combination of both of these, including the recognition of the need from the previous stage, pre-purchase search for the related information, and in addition to all this the evaluation of the alternatives is also included. These factors altogether make consumer take a decision about the product that which product will be purchased. Output stage The output stage is consisted of not current purchasing behavior, rather it addresses the post decision activities, once consumer purchase the product. It includes two activities of the consumer; purchase behavior and post purchase evaluation. The purchase behavior refers to the again buying the same product in future in case of need of that product. If the consumer will be satisfied with the previous decision the purchase will be repeated by the consumer, but if previous purchase will bring dissatisfaction, then other alternatives will be explored or preferred. The post purchase evaluation is the evaluation of the consumer of the product which has been purchased. This evaluation is in the form of opinion setting about that product. If the good opinion will be set, then consumer will tell good aspects of the product to others, but if the experience with the product will be bad, then consumer will spread bad words about the product in the social circle. It also determines the future purchase of the product as well. Question 2. Keeping in view the three stages of consumer decision making, your task is to select one of the products given below and build a model for your decision to prefer one brand of the product on the other. Answer: I am aiming to buy winter clothes for this season. I have two options one is sapphire and another is Gul Ahmed. I am going to consider the process of decision making while I make this purchase. I will address all the factors which plays the role at each stage of decision making, whether it includes internal factors or it is about external efforts by the marketers. The model which describes the decision-making process, will be addressed while this purchase activity is conducted. Input stage: at the input stage I was influenced by the two external forces, one was what markets want to tell me about their product by presenting their product, offering good prices and discounts, and huge bill boards and advertisements. The second external force was what people says or have opinion about the product like what I have heard from the non-commercial efforts of the brand and people around me have the opinion about the product after their use or overall opinion. I have been heard that sapphire clothes have unique designs but Gul Ahmad is giving good discounts. The promotion efforts were more found of Gul Ahmad products. I was attracted to follow the Gul Ahmad first, I saw all the prints and articles which were on promotion, but I found those not matching to my choice and interest. I decided to go to sapphire. They also had lavish outlet, and interesting prints. Some articles really attracted me but those were very expensive for me. I kept on digging upon further on my choices. Process stage: I analyze myself that how I perceive both of these brands, I consider sapphire designs more aesthetic and modern and novel in its patterns and colors. I was motivated to purchase novel colors for this winter. I have found it as part of my personality that I am an extrovert person and like vibrant and lively patterns and colors. I have learned through previous purchase experience as well that these kinds of prints go well with my personality and suits me as well. So, in result of this I have developed the attitude of wearing such kind of prints and colors. Output stage: I use the dress of sapphire and I enjoyed the feel and looks as well as overall price and comfort it provided. I find myself looking elegant while carrying that dress among my colleagues and family members. That dress made me feel good overall. On top of that after 2 to three washes, I found the colors and fabric as same as I bout that, this made me feel so good that every time I carry that dress, I found that as a new dress. This experience made me loyal customer of sapphire, and I have positive evaluation about the brand and product both. [image: ZdwSINI.png]

Idea Solution: [image: DTgY5qn.png]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8J1qZF-Jr0

https://youtu.be/6HzayWChB-o

Solution: Q. 1 Answer Enhance effectiveness in dealing with conflicts. Strategies that will enable you to resolve conflicts yourself and to assist people in attaining their outcomes without damaging relationships. Interdependence is a force supporting the creating of some mutually acceptable solution for the conflict. Eliminate leftover negative feelings. Defusing the accompanying emotional energy and achieving a mutual understanding of differences. Q. 2 Answer Advantages There will be no objection to both parties because decision will decide by the court. Litigation offers is a clear platform with a clear outcome. This is especially useful in relation to social media, where accusations can quickly gain publicity without the opportunity for reproach. Litigation helps solve this problem, with court-mandated deadlines and requirements being far more difficult to ignore. In some cases, the powers of the court may even allow a dispute to be disposed of summarily. Disadvantages Litigation is time consuming and complicated process. It needs to go through many steps and stages before trial start. Court decisions might not acceptable to either party, result in disturbance of commercial relationship. Note: This is Sample Solution. Students’ Answers may vary.

TENTATIVE SOLUTION: The Rewards are categorized into two group’s financial and non-financial rewards. The financial rewards are also called extrinsic rewards and non-financial rewards are called intrinsic rewards. Financial rewards: This type of rewards comprises of: • Basic pay • Contingency pay • Bonuses • Commission • Incentives • Pension • Gratuity Non-Financial rewards: This type of rewards comprises of: • Recognition • Employment security • Challenging work • Growth opportunities • Personal relationship at workplace • Autonomy Horizon’s services Ltd. had chosen non-monetary rewards to motivate its workforce, which ultimately helps to improve the quality of customer services and efficiency. As a result, employees are motivated to contribute more towards the organizational success because they are given recognition and appreciation for their contribution. Moreover, employees have been given autonomy as a non-financial reward so that employees have the choices that they manage their own actions.