Sample Solution: Different steps have followed while preparing advertisements. Keeping in view the strategies and steps you are required to design one advertisement campaign of any Clothing Brand and In this regard, you have to answer the following mentioned questions/steps. Briefing: Female clothing Brand title “In Style Clothing” It is ready to wear cloths especially for the working women. Objective: Its main objective is to facilitate the working women and also to retain the goodwill Research: Provided content and information must be well researched and have novelty in it. Target Audience: Working women Media Selection: Fashion films on brands outlets and social media campaigning. Setting the Budget It must be highly budgeted. Designing and Creating the Ad In this part of question the creativity of the advertisement will be judged. Place and Time of Ad It also depends when the advertisement will get the more attention and audience. Execution: In this portion provide all that steps and details which involve in the accomplishment of this ad.

Question 1. How human being experience sensation of pain, discuss with the help of Gate Control Theory. Answer: Sensation of pain: The skin is prone to the four type of sensations include; pressure, touch, pain and temperature. These senses are essential for the survival of human beings. It has found in the researches that significant number of people everyday visits the physician or health care provider with the complaint of pain. It includes all types of pain like, migraine, heart pain, arthritis, and back pain etc. it has found that not the whole body has same pain receptors, these receptors are not distributed evenly throughout the body some areas like fingertips are more sensitive, rather others like center of the back is not. The experience of pain is also studied in the context of salutations as well. It has found that the situation and social and cultural context of the pain also impacts on the experience of pain. The examples of differences in the perceptual differences in the pain due to social and cultural situations include; labor pain and in comparison, to this any other pain like back pain. The Gate Control Theory has also elaborated the role of situation, perception and other contexts in the experience of pain. Gate control theory The theory has stated that there are certain nerve receptors which leads to the certain areas of the brain, associated with pain. These receptors are activated in result of any injury or harm occurred and “gate” of the brain is opened in response to this. In this manner, we experience the sensation of pain. Additionally, theory also identifies another kind of neural receptors which, in result of stimulation, close the ‘gate’ of pain in the brain. It reduces the experience of pain. There are two ways of shutting the gate of pain in the brain. First way is that other impulses take over to the extend that brain get distracted and that certain pain sensation does not remain to the attention of the individual anymore and these gates are shutdown. The alternative stimulus can be non-painful like rubbing the skin around the pain, or it could be painful as well like scratching in the result of itching which gives relief from itching but scratching itself is categorized as a form of pain. The second factor which is attributed as cause the gate of pain to be shutdown includes psychological factors. There are three psychological factors which impacts the pain or close the gate of pain receptors; current emotions, previous experiences, and interpretation of the event by the individual. During the experience of these three psychological factors, brain may close the gate of pain by sending the message to the injured area through spinal cord. It causes reduction or relief from the pain. The example of such situation includes; soldiers do not feel pain when they fighting for a major and big cause. Question 2. What are the cultural differences in the experience of pain? Logically discuss with reference to Eastern & Western culture. Answer: Cultural differences in pain The gate-control theory explains the cultural difference as well in the experience of pain. The same psychological factors play the role in the cultural context as well. It has seen that many culturally acceptable and especially sacred practices, involves pain but have high moral values behind it, minimize the pain of people. There are many examples in this regard in the various cultures like acupuncture prevails in the Chinese culture, in which micro size needles are poked in the body of individual to treat the biological issues, in the Muslim culture ‘hajama’ is another example. The theory explains that such experiences of pain which are associated with cultural rituals, close the gateway of pain due to three main psychological factors like the current emotions include pleasant feeling of doing something good, previous belief about this is having a good cause of doing the practice and it will benefit the individual, and interpretation of the current event is also positive. Eastern culture In the eastern culture there are many examples which show that people tend to adopt painful rituals and their pain experience minimizes due to the cultural context. Ashura is an example found in the eastern culture in which people does self-flagellation. This experience does not bring pain to them to that extend it could have brought otherwise. Pakistani culture presents this example prevalent in the society. It can be witnessed in the Islamic month ‘Muharam’ (especially, 9th and 10th of this month). Finger cutting as part of the mourning is another example of cultural experience of pain. It has found in the ‘Western New Guinea province of Indonesia’ a tribe named Dani has a unique way of mourning over the loss of their loved ones. As part of their culture, it is considered as customary to cut the women’s top half of the finger. It happened during the funeral ceremony or as a part of the ceremony. Western culture Western culture also has some rituals or cultural traditions which are painful but still those are being practiced as part of the cultural norm or ritual and experience of pain is not similar to the pain otherwise. Bull fighting is one of the examples of experience of pain. In this game there are many chances of people to get injured and harmed but this pain is not considered as usual pain experience. The second example of this kind is Spanish bull running festival. In this festival people are aware of the harm and danger involve in this game but in spite of this, millions of people take part of this game and every year many people get injured badly and some even loss their lives. These examples have shown that gate control theory of pain describes the psychological factors and cultural aspects which close the gate of pain, in fact prevails globally. People tend to experience less or no pain in the cultural rituals as compare to the usual situations, and culture also plays an important role in changing the experience of pain.

Q. 1 Answer: Scenario Type of Anxiety (1*3) Justification (4*3) Ijaz lost his way when he was crossing a Desert. While finding the right direction, a snake showed in front of him. Ijaz got scared and started running in an opposite direction. Realistic Anxiety This type of anxiety occurs when the threat or danger present is real. The person may have a difficulty handling the situation that generates the anxiety. For e.g., facing a bear in a jungle. Amir wants to talk to his parents about letting him buy a new mobile phone. However, he is never able to talk to them because he is afraid that his parents might get angry. Neurotic Anxiety In this type of anxiety, the Id is likely to show up in the conscious and ego would not longer be able to control it. The individual realizes that once Id is on the surface, social rejection is the result. Shahid delivers food from the restaurant to the home. One day when he was very hungry, he wanted to eat some of the food, which he was delivering. However, he did not as he knew that it is morally wrong. Moral Anxiety In this type of anxiety, when the threat of being punished is present, the individual faces anxiety. The Id of the individual is expressing itself fully while the superego expresses shame or guilt. Q2. Describe any two techniques of Psychoanalysis proposed by Freud. (2.5+2.5) Student may describe any two of the following. Answer: 1. Free Association: The purpose of free association is to simply collect all the accounts of the client. The client is asked to lie on the couch and the therapist sits behind. The client is asked to speak without censoring anything uninterruptedly. Through this, the thoughts of the unconscious slips in to the conscious. 2. Dream Analysis: Dreams have been heavily emphasized in psychoanalysis. Freud viewed that dreams are representations of the Id impulses. A therapist interprets the dream by relating it to various unconscious desires and wishes. 3. Transference: Transference is of two types: positive and negative. Positive transference is when the client relates positively to any positive person in his/her life (therapist, friend). While negative is when the therapists starts relating to the client. 4. Freudian Slip: Freudian slip is a concept in which the individual wanted to say something but says something else. Freud suggested that these slips are the actual truth that people hold inside themselves. These truths are in the unconscious but slip sometimes in the conscious and are delivered. 5. Humor: Freud has heavily emphasized on sex and death in his theory. He has related Humor to these two factors as well. Humor is an essential part of your psyche and one cannot understand psyche without realizing the humor the person relates to the most.

Solution: S. No Disease/Disorder Biological Factors (6x1=6) Psychological Factors (6x1=6) Social Factors (6x1=6) 01 Hypertension High Cholesterol Level Negative thinking Family/workplace issues 02 Diabetes Insulin impairment Lack of motivation to change life style Culturally saying no. to sweets is embarrassing. 03 Depression Low dopamine Negative thinking Family pressures 04 Obesity Genetic factor Low self esteem Bullying 05 Heart Disease High Cholesterol Level Negative thinking Family/workplace issues 06 Cancer Tumor cell formation Hopelessness Lack of family support

Solution: Scenario Psychosexual Stage (1*5) Justification (3*5) Azhar is a newborn baby. His mother feeds him thrice a day. Gradually she noticed that Azhar is often putting different objects in his mouth. Oral The Oral stage of psychosexual development starts from birth to 12 or 18 months of age. The erogenous zone of the individual is his/her mouth. The baby seeks pleasure through activities which involve the use of oral cavity. For e.g., eating, sucking etc. Zain is being toilet trained by his family. The family noticed that Zain gets pleasure by controlling his bowel and bladder movements. Anal The Anal stage of psychosexual development lasts begins after Oral stage and lasts till 3 years. During this stage, the individual’s erogenous zone is the anal cavity. The baby seeks pleasure through activities involving the anal region. For example, expulsion of feces. Parents of Ahmed noticed that after reaching the age of 8, he is often touching different parts of his body, especially his genitals. He is attached more to his mother as compared to his father. Phallic The phallic stage of psychosexual development lasts from 3-6 years of age. Sexual energy starts to develop in the child and this when Oedipus and Electra complex are developed. A male child would develop castration anxiety while a female child will develop penis envy. Qamar, at age 11, prefers making friends with boys as compared to girls. He would also study different books and focuses more on productive tasks. Latency This stage of psychosexual development lasts from 6 years of age to puberty. The sexual energy at this stage drops down and the child starts mingling with same-sex peers. Ilyas, at the age of 17, seeks to form intimate relationships with girls. He noticed different signs of puberty in himself as well. Genital This stage of psychosexual development lasts from puberty to the adulthood. The child in this stage, develops sexual maturity, sexual energy develops again and he/she also start getting engaged in sexual activity as well.

Solution: Q. 1 Explain four forms of feminism (i.e. Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Socialist Feminism and Cultural Feminism) with the help of examples. Q.1 Solution: There are four main forms of feminism; Liberal feminism, Radical Feminism, socialist feminism and cultural feminism. Liberal feminism Liberal feminism defined the female’s role same as male. It considered that all the rights which male have should be owned by the female as well. There should not be any difference in any kind of rights and privileges on the basis of gender. Th example could be providing the equal rights to women like in the witness, two females are equal to one male this should be equated according to liberal philosophy. Radical feminism This form asserts that the cultural notion of the gender should be not be part of the society. It is assumed that men are oppressors and women are oppressed in the society according to the current practices. This is kind of oppression which is followed by the different racial and social class. So, in this way such cultural notions practiced in the society should be eliminated and women would have same freedom and empowerment as men. For example, taking stand against social norms like Malala took stand and go for education against the norms of her culture, and she worked for her empowerment. Socialist feminism The socialist feminism have the idea that rather than enjoying the individual freedom and rights and seeking for liberal rights separately, women and men should go together in persuasion of rights. This refers to the mutual respect and valuing the rights of each other and with mutual acceptance of those rights makes both genders enjoying their rights in the society. It is kind of equality but with togetherness. For example, in west, male and female share both responsibilities financial as well as house chores. Females tend to work outside their homes and males take part in house chores as well. Cultural feminism In this form of feminism it is important to have social change in the society. It is essential for the society to set and follow the all the traditional values which have determined by the society. It says that feminist values in the society are right and females should follow the social roles and social norms set for the women. These values and traditions are considered as superior in the society. It includes the examples where females submit to the decisions of their parents and elders according to the socially set norms like agreeing for arrange marriage quietly and remain shy and acceptable to parents’ decision, made her more respectable and good in the sight of society and family. Question 2. Analyze Asian culture and highlight at least two forms of feminism that are prevailing in our society now a days. Justify your stance with the help of example. Answer: Feminism is practiced differently even within the Asia. There are many differences in the cultural and feminist practices in the different cultures and regions of Asia it has found broadly that there are two form of feminism which prevails in the Asian culture, first is socialist feminism in which all the developed countries include. As part of this form of feminism, male and female together decide the roles in the society and almost equal rights are provided in their certain roles provided or decided by the society. Their own consent is part of the division of their roles. Such societies have the examples where females take part in the society as working women and share the house chores as well. In the same way power and rights are also shared by both genders. The second most prevalent form of feminism in Asia is, cultural feminism in which women just follow the roles and values of the society which has determined by the culture of that particular region. Many examples could be found in the developing countries where women are not empowered, their literacy rate is lower than men and they do not go to work. They just do the house chores and rare children while following the similar social norms and values. According to this form women can better enjoy their rights by following the social norms as it gives them acceptance from the society and made them valuable in their culture.

Solution: Explain three stages of consumer decision making (Input, process & Output) while purchasing a product. Answer: The process of consumer’s decision making is based on the three distinct stages but these stages are inter-linked and make a process of consumer’s decision making. The process of decision making of the consumer is consisted of; input stage, process stage, and output stage. These three stages, step by step, lead and guide towards to the decision making of the consumer. Input stage The input stage is, where consumer recognize his need for anything. This recognition of the needs, make the consumer explore and think about the possible options available in the market. At this stage, consumer faces two kinds of influences from the market. First is ‘firm’s marketing efforts’ and second is ‘external sociological influences’. The marketing efforts include; the product, what is its price, how it is being promoted and the place where it is being kept and sold. These are all the factors which contribute or impact the consumer at this stage from the marketer’s perspective. The second aspect include; the influences on the consumer. How the consumer has heard about the product from the family, friends, neighbors, or any information which has been gathered from non- commercial sources like word of mouth etc., the social class of the consumer, and the cultural and sub-cultural background and membership. These are the factors which contribute in setting the need and want of the consumer at the input stage. In short at the input stage the information which is part of the consumer’s input about the product, studied at this stage. Process stage The process stage aims to explore the ways that how consumer make decisions. The psychological factors of the individual play the role at this stage. These factors are; perception of the consumer, motivation towards buying, overall personality of the consumer, learning of the consumer, previously has been done, and attitude towards the product. At this stage the input information is evaluated in reference to these internal factors and in combination of both of these, including the recognition of the need from the previous stage, pre-purchase search for the related information, and in addition to all this the evaluation of the alternatives is also included. These factors altogether make consumer take a decision about the product that which product will be purchased. Output stage The output stage is consisted of not current purchasing behavior, rather it addresses the post decision activities, once consumer purchase the product. It includes two activities of the consumer; purchase behavior and post purchase evaluation. The purchase behavior refers to the again buying the same product in future in case of need of that product. If the consumer will be satisfied with the previous decision the purchase will be repeated by the consumer, but if previous purchase will bring dissatisfaction, then other alternatives will be explored or preferred. The post purchase evaluation is the evaluation of the consumer of the product which has been purchased. This evaluation is in the form of opinion setting about that product. If the good opinion will be set, then consumer will tell good aspects of the product to others, but if the experience with the product will be bad, then consumer will spread bad words about the product in the social circle. It also determines the future purchase of the product as well. Question 2. Keeping in view the three stages of consumer decision making, your task is to select one of the products given below and build a model for your decision to prefer one brand of the product on the other. Answer: I am aiming to buy winter clothes for this season. I have two options one is sapphire and another is Gul Ahmed. I am going to consider the process of decision making while I make this purchase. I will address all the factors which plays the role at each stage of decision making, whether it includes internal factors or it is about external efforts by the marketers. The model which describes the decision-making process, will be addressed while this purchase activity is conducted. Input stage: at the input stage I was influenced by the two external forces, one was what markets want to tell me about their product by presenting their product, offering good prices and discounts, and huge bill boards and advertisements. The second external force was what people says or have opinion about the product like what I have heard from the non-commercial efforts of the brand and people around me have the opinion about the product after their use or overall opinion. I have been heard that sapphire clothes have unique designs but Gul Ahmad is giving good discounts. The promotion efforts were more found of Gul Ahmad products. I was attracted to follow the Gul Ahmad first, I saw all the prints and articles which were on promotion, but I found those not matching to my choice and interest. I decided to go to sapphire. They also had lavish outlet, and interesting prints. Some articles really attracted me but those were very expensive for me. I kept on digging upon further on my choices. Process stage: I analyze myself that how I perceive both of these brands, I consider sapphire designs more aesthetic and modern and novel in its patterns and colors. I was motivated to purchase novel colors for this winter. I have found it as part of my personality that I am an extrovert person and like vibrant and lively patterns and colors. I have learned through previous purchase experience as well that these kinds of prints go well with my personality and suits me as well. So, in result of this I have developed the attitude of wearing such kind of prints and colors. Output stage: I use the dress of sapphire and I enjoyed the feel and looks as well as overall price and comfort it provided. I find myself looking elegant while carrying that dress among my colleagues and family members. That dress made me feel good overall. On top of that after 2 to three washes, I found the colors and fabric as same as I bout that, this made me feel so good that every time I carry that dress, I found that as a new dress. This experience made me loyal customer of sapphire, and I have positive evaluation about the brand and product both. [image: ZdwSINI.png]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8J1qZF-Jr0

Solution: Q. 1 Answer Enhance effectiveness in dealing with conflicts. Strategies that will enable you to resolve conflicts yourself and to assist people in attaining their outcomes without damaging relationships. Interdependence is a force supporting the creating of some mutually acceptable solution for the conflict. Eliminate leftover negative feelings. Defusing the accompanying emotional energy and achieving a mutual understanding of differences. Q. 2 Answer Advantages There will be no objection to both parties because decision will decide by the court. Litigation offers is a clear platform with a clear outcome. This is especially useful in relation to social media, where accusations can quickly gain publicity without the opportunity for reproach. Litigation helps solve this problem, with court-mandated deadlines and requirements being far more difficult to ignore. In some cases, the powers of the court may even allow a dispute to be disposed of summarily. Disadvantages Litigation is time consuming and complicated process. It needs to go through many steps and stages before trial start. Court decisions might not acceptable to either party, result in disturbance of commercial relationship. Note: This is Sample Solution. Students’ Answers may vary.

TENTATIVE SOLUTION: The Rewards are categorized into two group’s financial and non-financial rewards. The financial rewards are also called extrinsic rewards and non-financial rewards are called intrinsic rewards. Financial rewards: This type of rewards comprises of: • Basic pay • Contingency pay • Bonuses • Commission • Incentives • Pension • Gratuity Non-Financial rewards: This type of rewards comprises of: • Recognition • Employment security • Challenging work • Growth opportunities • Personal relationship at workplace • Autonomy Horizon’s services Ltd. had chosen non-monetary rewards to motivate its workforce, which ultimately helps to improve the quality of customer services and efficiency. As a result, employees are motivated to contribute more towards the organizational success because they are given recognition and appreciation for their contribution. Moreover, employees have been given autonomy as a non-financial reward so that employees have the choices that they manage their own actions.

https://youtu.be/b5HiT1jm_rM

Solution: Culture type McGregor’s theory (theory X / theory Y) Explanation 1. Role culture Theory X Based on stability, certainty and defined structures, processes and policies. Employees are highly monitored to follow the set patterns 2. Power culture Theory X This is a one man show where all power resides with the founder. Decisions are taken by the founder which has to be followed by the subordinates 3. People culture Theory Y organization exists to serve the individual and where individuals are not servants of the organization. They consist of self-organizes professionals who do not need any supervision 4. Task culture Theory Y More emphasis is given to completion of tasks and least is given to the hierarchal positions. Employees are provided with autonomy to ensure task completion.

Solution: Answer No.1 Required Formula BEPUnits = FC / (S.PPer Unit – VCPer Unit) Or Where BEPUnits = Break Even Point in Units FC = Fixed Cost S.PPer Unit = Selling Price Per Unit VCPer Unit = Variable Cost Per Unit CMPer Unit = Contribution Margin Per Unit By putting values BEPUnits = 54,000,000 / (36,000 – 29,200) BEPUnits = 54,000,000 / 6800 BEPUnits = 7941.18 or 7941 Units Total Marks: 20 Semester Fall 2019 Managerial Accounting (FIN704) Assignment Solution FC / CMPer Unit BEPSales = BEPUnits * S.PPer Unit Alternatively BEPSales = FC / Contribution Margin to Sales Ratio BEPSales = 7941 * 36,000 = Rs. 285,876,000 or Rs.285.88 million Alternatively BEPSales = 54,000,000 / (6,800/36,000 * 100) = 54,000,000 / 18.889% = Rs.285.88 million [image: QlrjWek.png] Answer 2. Result will be higher break-even point if variable cost per Cam Shaft increases as a percentage of selling price. Reason is that contribution margin will be decreasing on other hand if variable expenses will be increasing as a percentage of selling price. This means that more Cam Shaft units would be required to sell in order to generate enough contribution margins to cover fixed cost of the business. Answer 3. [image: gD4c2gG.png] Assignment Solution Net Operating Income 1,034 586 Required Working: Current Sales = 160,000 Units New Proposed Sales Volume = 160,000 * 125 / 100 = 200,000 Units Reduced Selling Price = 36,000 * 90 / 100 = Rs. 32,400 Per Unit As, we can observe from the comparison of present and proposed structure, results are not favorable if factory decides to change the structure and increase the sales volume by reduction in selling price.25% increase in volume is not enough to off-set 10% reduction in selling price. We can see a reduction in contribution margin both in terms of per unit (from Rs. 6,800 to Rs.3,200) and in total (from Rs. 1,088 million to Rs. 640 million) if factory decides to increase its sales volume up-to 200,000 units of Cam Shaft. On the other hand, fixed cost (Rs. 54 million) is same in both structures. So, less contribution margin will be available to cover fixed cost which ultimately decreases the net operating income from Rs. 1,034 million to Rs. 586 million (almost a 43.32% reduction ((586-1,034)/1,034). Hence, 10% reduction in selling price will increase 25% sales volume but there will be reduction in contribution margin and net operating income of the business which is not favorable at all.

Ans: CALL: (computer assisted language learning): Computer-assisted language learning (CALL), British, or Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)/Computer-Aided Language Instruction (CALI), American is briefly defined in a seminal work by Levy as “the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning”. CALL embraces a wide range of information and communications technology applications and approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages, from the “traditional” drill-and-practice programs that characterized CALL in the 1960s and 1970s to more recent manifestations of CALL, e.g. as used in a virtual learning environment and Web-based distance learning. It also extends to the use of corpora and concordances, interactive whiteboards, Computer-mediated communication (CMC), language learning in virtual worlds, and mobile-assisted language learning (MALL). The term CALI (computer-assisted language instruction) was in use before CALL, reflecting its origins as a subset of the general term CAI (computer-assisted instruction). CALI fell out of favor among language teachers, however, as it appeared to imply a teacher-centered approach (instructional), whereas language teachers are more inclined to prefer a student-centered approach, focusing on learning rather than instruction. CALL began to replace CALI in the early 1980s and it is now incorporated into the names of the growing number of professional associations worldwide. In Pakistan, where English is the second official language of all the population but first language of relatively few, only 10% of the population uses the internet (United Nations e-Government Knowledge Database, 2017); of this 10%, the majority is 20- to 24-year-olds studying at various institutions in Pakistan. These students come from two major streams of education; Urdu-medium schools where Urdu is the language of instruction, and English-medium schools where English is the language of instruction. The Ministry of Education and Training and Standards in Higher Education (2014) recognizes two major types of schools in Pakistan; public schools and private schools. The majorities of the public schools is Urdu medium schools and cater for rural or semi-urban localities and low income families. On the other hand, private schools are preferred by upper-middle and elite class families. Most private schools are English medium schools and have qualified and trained teachers, higher quality classroom facilities, and more imported educational materials compared to public schools. Many researchers have described English medium schools being well equipped with digital tools such as computers, projectors and access to digital libraries as compared to Urdu medium schools Access and exposure to these digital facilities influence English medium schools’ students’ skills and digital practices positively (Shabbir, Wei, Chong, Marwat, Nabi & Ahmed, 2014). On the other hand, Urdu medium school students’ use of digital tools relies on their personal access to these tools at home (Salam, Jianqiu, Pathan & Lei, 2017). Of all digital devices, there has been immense growth in popularity of smartphones in particular, in Pakistan in recent years. A news report published in The Nation (2016) claimed that the estimated smartphone user count in Pakistan would reach 40 million by the end of 2016. A number of researchers have investigated the effect of mobile technologies on the digital divide in developed countries (e.g. Lee, Park & Hwang, 2015; Mascheroni & Olafsson, 2015) and have argued that mobile technologies can help with ‘leapfrogging’ the digital divide in developing countries (Puspitasari & Ishii, 2016). The benefits of mobile devices in teaching and learning, especially teaching and learning of English language, have also been documented by many researchers (Kukulska-Hulme & Shield, 2008; ElHussein & Cronje, 2010; Franklin, 2011; Mueller, Wood & Archer, 2011; Chen & Denoyelles, 2013;Oz, 2015). However, in Pakistan no research has been carried out yet to explore the use of smartphones in English language learning. The Digital Practices Survey in Pakistan was developed by the first author to identify • Technologies currently being used for educational and non-educational purposes; • Technologies being used to communicate with teachers and other students; • use of smartphones to enhance English language skills; • Future preferences of students related to the use of technologies for educational, non-educational and English language learning purposes; and • The extent to which gender, study major and medium of education impact on students’ current use and future preferences of technology. Use of modern technologies in Pakistani classrooms: Nowadays, use of modern technologies is very much common in Pakistani classrooms which is very much helping students in learning English as second language. Multimedia, web browsers, computers, smart board, projectors are main part of technologies being use as medium for teaching language in most of the schools in Pakistan. Students are also using Tabs and smart phones as a medium of learning Language. Use Of Web-based Tools In Class: Olden day classrooms that only employed a chalk and a blackboard could only offer passive learning. With advances in technology, more and more classrooms are becoming equipped with new learning programs, web-based tools and highly effective software systems. This includes ClassDojo, eduClipper, Kahoot etc. There are numerous other web-tools that assist the teachers in drawing more attention from the students. Moreover, these tools ask for student involvement and engagement. Thanks to such aides, students are no longer passive learners. Modern educational tools have made students greatly involved in the teaching activity and helped improve learning. The Introduction Of E-books: There was a time when students had to carry big, bulky bags around those often exhausted students before studies could even begin. With the advancement in technology, the need to carry these heavy bags has been replaced with a mere tablet, computer or phone. The concept of e-books has revolutionized the modern education system. Today, a book having hundreds of pages can be downloaded or read online. Moreover, this also provides an enormous relief to the students monetarily. It is often difficult for many households to meet financial expenditures of education and electronic books have reduced that cost significantly. Virtual or Interactive Classrooms: Student-teacher discussions were once previously limited to classrooms. All queries regarding a test, homework or a project were to be discussed in class. However, students today can discuss and interact with their instructor online from anywhere. This has given rise to the idea of virtual classrooms that provide interactive sessions among classmates and teachers without all of them being at a single place. Teachers and students can exchange views, assign tasks and ask for help via this communication channel. There are various platforms which provide us with virtual classrooms. Interaction With Learners Around The Globe: Social interactions are very common today around the globe. However, these social interactions are more positive and impacting when utilized effectively. Today, there are web portals that allow more and more learners to interact and communicate with each other, thus providing a valuable opportunity to share and increase each other’s knowledge. There are web portals and online live chat options that aids interactions with scholars, professors, teachers and academics around the globe. Online Assessment Techniques: With the increase in technology, the normal assessment and grading criterion has also changed. Traditionally, assessments were conducted in class and teacher later graded them after evaluation. With the involvement of technology in the modern education system, more and more teachers use online assessment techniques. These tools include ProProfs, Online Quiz Creator, Classmarker, TopGrade Quiz Maker etc. All these tools can effectively be used to conduct online quizzes and assessments with easy grading and evaluation systems. Conclusion: Thus, we can see that by using modern technologies we can teach English in Pakistani classroom in a very effective and a different way. That’s not like just reading some lines and let children repeat like boring old teaching method but it’s full of fun activities, quizzes and language learning videos and smart board presentations. Through Modern technology children are learning language more quickly and effectively. But in some schools that are situated in the backward or undeveloped areas of Pakistan lack from such technologies due to which children are lacking in learning English as second language. Other than that most of the school have these modern technologies and within few years all the schools of Pakistan will be provided with these modern mediums of education to raise standard of learning language hopefully. Question NO: 1 A teacher might employ digitalized materials and ICT-based support inside and outside the classroom, in order to enhance the teaching of a language. Although many technology-based teaching methods and resources effectively engage students and build their skills, many educators encounter difficulties when using technology in the classroom. Maybe a specific platform is too hard to introduce. Or maybe it won’t run on your devices. Despite the challenges, you likely want to enjoy the benefits that education technology can deliver. Types of activities: 1-Quiet a Noisy Classroom: To make it easier to give lessons and presentations, use a tool that tracks and displays classroom noise. For example, Too Noisy is an accurate noise meter. You’ll likely find that — without having to tell them — students will become quiet when the meter spikes. This means most of them won’t be as disruptive when you give a lesson or run an independent work activity. They may even shush each other. In turn, you’ll have an easier time presenting content. 2-Use Videos for Mini-Lessons: You can bolster your lesson plans by using videos as stand-alone overviews for some topics. Also available as skill reviews and previews, there are many websites that host teacher-made video content. Teacher Tube is an example of an education-only version of YouTube, covering core school subjects. You can search for a specific topic or browse by category, quickly finding relevant videos. For example, searching for “middle school algebra” will load a results page containing study guides, specific lessons and exam reviews. This easy way to use technology in the classroom adds a multimedia element to your lessons, which can effectively resonate with visual learners. Research has shown that the use of animated videos can positively impact a child’s development in several competence areas including memory, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving. 3-Co-ordinate Live Video: You don’t have to limit yourself to pre-recorded videos, as conferencing technology can allow subject matter experts to deliver lessons. Whether it’s a contact from another school or a seasoned lecturer you reach out to, bringing an expert into your classroom will expose your students to new ideas and can lighten your workload. You can add the person as a contact on Skype or Google Hangouts, delivering the lesson through the program. Skype even has a list of guest speakers who will voluntarily speak about their topics of expertise. Ask your students to prepare questions, helping them enjoy — and falling participate in — this modern take on traditional lessons. 4-Play Podcasts: Playing relevant podcasts can not only supplement your lessons, but engage auditory learners and act as a learning station. Made by groups ranging from media giants to ordinary people passionate about a particular subject, you can find podcasts that are: • Interviews with the author of a book your students are reading • Lessons about studying techniques and strategies • Explorations of a curriculum-related topic • Lectures from professors For a high school course, you may want to design a project that allows students to create and play their own podcasts. This is one of the easiest ways to use technology in your classroom — you just need a device with strong speakers. 5-Add Multimedia Elements to Presentations Whereas slideshow presentations entirely made up of text can disengage students, ones with multimedia elements can effectively hold their attention by varying content delivery. When applicable, try to include: • Images • Graphs • Pictographs • Podcast clips • Sound effects • Short video lessons • News, movie and television show clips You don’t have to scour the Internet to find relevant graphs and pictographs — you can make them yourself. There are free online tools that take you through steps to input data, adjust labels and modify your design. It’s likely that slideshow presentations already play a part in your lessons, and adding different kinds of media can make them more engaging. Q2. The online knowledge-based computer games are often in the form of quizzes. Like games, quizzes are very motivating for learners as they tend to illustrate a learner’s progress and give some security against their fear of more formal exams. Research and enlist the names and web links of 5 different websites which offer the English language (grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing etc.) quiz like sample exercise tests. Then take any TWO quizzes from your mentioned list and explain how you would use them in your classroom. Ans: These are the 5 different websites I came across for English Language Quiz: https://www.sporcle.com/games/mr_jonathon/4letters?t=english https://www.edubuzzkids.com/content/grade-2/worksheets/english/nouns/Recall-nouns/4616 https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech-quiz.htm https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/games/story-maker-1 https://www.englishclub.com/esl-quizzes/vocabulary/ b. Then take any TWO quizzes from your mentioned list and explain how you would use them in your classroom. Ans: Now as I am teaching class 2. So the Quizzes I found useful for teaching English Language to my class from the above list are these: https://www.sporcle.com/games/mr_jonathon/4letters?t=english It very interesting quiz as children will have to guess the four letter word from the given clue for example if it’s said that what is opposite of false? They will write True. SO I am going to give some clues to my children in form of colorful paper chits then I will distribute them among my class and they will write four word answers under the given clue or hint. This will help my students in enhancing their vocabulary in a fun way they will get excited in guessing the word and this quiz will also improve their grammar as they will also learn spellings of words with help of this quiz. So, I find it really interesting for my English classroom. https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech-quiz.htm On second number I would like to play this quiz game with my students. As I found it really much interesting for my class it will not just improve their grammatical skills but it will help them in reading and writing also. And at this grade students need to know very well about parts of speech because in English + Science and social studies they need to use parts of speech. This can help students in Sentence construction, story writing, picture comprehension and Creative writing. So I will provide my students with a worksheet of parts of speech quiz and tell to select and circle the correct option and I will give them a time limit under which they have to complete this quiz. A sample I have given below: Answer: Most educational games, or games used for pedagogical purposes, make use of a form of subversive teaching; learners are unaware of the objectives or, rather, do not share the same objectives as the teacher. Instead, learning takes place as an activity peripheral to play. Learners are increasingly developers of digital content as online applications allow them to create and manipulate their own and others’ media into videos, animations and games. Particularly online, computer-based games are often in the form of quizzes which test knowledge more than they teach it. Like games, quizzes are very motivating for learners as they appear to illustrate a learner’s progress and give some security against fear of more formal exams. Enlist the names and web links of 5 different websites which offer the English language (grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing etc.) quiz like sample exercise tests. Google word coach vocabulary game: In Google word coach game some questions ask for synonyms, others antonyms, and some use images. There are always 2 choices to pick from and at the end of the 5 questions, you get a little score card with explanations for each of the answers. There’s also a “Next round” button to continue with another test. Multiple choice questions in English grammar; https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/grammar-quizzes.html Quiz questions reading and games English; https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/grammar-practice Read about the grammar rule.Play the two grammar games to help you practice. Print the reference card, activity sheet and test for more practice. Adverb Games The games on this page will help you learn more about adverbs, how and when to use them, what order to put them in, and new adverb vocabulary. https://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/adverbs-matching.htm Reading Quizzes https://www.englishclub.com/reading/test.htm For each question, choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the original sentence. Then take any TWO quizzes from your mentioned list and explain how you would use them in your classroom. Multiple choice questions in English grammar; Here are a few tips for teaching grammar: Create opportunities for your students to practice, practice, and practice. Make sure that you use real-world contexts. Look at the grammar on restaurant menus, billboards, in magazines and newspaper. When your students can realize that grammar is used in the outside world, not just the classroom, they will understand how important it is. Make multiple choices for one real word and show the real word picture to students and ask to match with exact answer. 2) Google word coach vocabulary game: In Google word coach game some questions ask for synonyms, others antonyms, and some use images. There are always 2 choices to pick from and at the end of the 5 questions, you get a little score card with explanations for each of the answers. There’s also a “Next round” button to continue with another test. The teacher has an essential role in helping students to improve their vocabulary. Unfortunately, vocabulary teaching has not been enough responsive to such problems, and teachers have not recognized the tremendous importance of helping their students to develop an extensive vocabulary. A robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication listening, speaking, reading and writing. Vocabulary helps children to think and learn about the world. Expanding a child’s or adult knowledge of words provides unlimited access to new information. %(red)[Note: These can be the possible sample answers of both the questions.]

Solution: Introduction: The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world’s first great urban civilizations. It flourished in the vast river plains and adjacent regions in Pakistan and western India. Although there were economic and cultural contacts between these early urban societies, significant differences are seen in their respective artistic styles, symbols, technologies and social organization. The Indus Valley Civilization is also the largest of the four other ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, and China. However, out of all these four ancient civilizations, least is known about the Indus Valley civilization. This is because of the fact that the script of Indus people has not been decoded yet. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the two much planned civilized cities with similar planning technique, and layout in construction of this civilization. Living standard or town planning An Indus city was made of mud-brick buildings. It had walls and roads. Water was very important to Indus people, so the builders started by digging wells, and laying drains. Main streets were up to 10 meters wide, wide enough for carts to pass. Side streets were narrow, more like alleys. Houses were built with standardized baked bricks and many had spacious courtyards. Some of the bigger houses even had multiple stories (levels) and paved floors. Some cities had a citadel high on a mound. In the citadel were bigger buildings. Perhaps the city’s rulers lived there. Most people lived and worked in the lower part of town. Most Indus people did not live in cities at all. Perhaps 9 out of 10 people were farmers and traders who lived in small villages. Art and craft This ancient civilization had marvelous craftsmen, skilled in pottery, weaving, and metal working. The pottery that has been found is of very high quality with beautiful designs. They have found bowls made of bronze and silver, and many beads and ornaments. Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry and bronze have been found at excavation sites. Trade and Economy Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade. It was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. Aside from the subsistence of agriculture and hunting, the Indus people supported themselves by trading goods. Through trade, the Indus Civilization expanded its culture, coming into regular contacts with faraway lands. Water and irrigation system Remains from the ancient city of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro show that the city used to have a well designed and proper water drainage and irrigation systems. Farmers made good use of water from the rivers. They were probably the first farmers to take water from underground wells. They may have used river water to irrigate their fields. Language The language is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain. The main body of writing dated from the Indus Civilization is in the form of some two thousand inscribed seals in good, legible conditions. These seals and samples of Indus writing have been floating around the scholastic. So contention for being the language of the Indus civilization is dim. The Harappan people were literate and used to Dravidian language. Only part of this language has been deciphered today, leaving numerous questions about this civilization unanswered. Conclusion: Although Indus Valley civilization has its importance, but we may not know anything more about this civilization, the reason is this language does not exist anymore. The historians, the scholars and generally for all of us, this leads to acknowledge of an important civilization, which was the basis for several features of the current lifestyle. It was this rigorous devotion to craftsmanship and trade that allowed the Harappan culture to spread widely and prosper greatly. References: Ancientscripts Bizland Timemaps Wikipedia Wikipedia

Solution: Sr. No. Scenarios Identification 1*5 Justification 3*5 1. Sara during the first year of her life feels pleasure that centers on the mouth. Things such as chewing, sucking, and biting are the sources of pleasure that reduces her anxiety. Oral This occurs during the first year of life and the erogenous zone during this stage is the mouth. At this stage, pleasures mainly come from mouth. According to Freud, an adult who is fixated at the early oral stage will engage in abundance of oral activities such as eating, drinking, or smoking. This person also will engage in activities that are symbolically equivalent to those oral activities such as collecting things, being a good listener etc. 2. During second year of life, Shazia feels pleasure on bowel and bladder elimination. The control she learns to exert over her bodily functions is manifested in toilet-training. Anal It starts during the second year of life, and the erogenous zone is the anus- buttocks region. It is the stage when the child has to gain control over his physiological processes so that they function in accordance with the demands of the society i.e. the child must be toilet trained. Fixation at this stage may result in physical problems. 3. Ali during the age span of 3 to 5 years feels pleasure for the genitals and coping with incestuous sexual feelings for his mother. He wants to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so. On the other hand, Sana during 3 to 5 years of her age feels sexual attraction towards her father and hatred feelings towards her mother. Phallic This starts from the third year of life to about fifth year, and the erogenous area are the genital area. This is one of the most complicated and controversial of Freud’s stages. It is the stage of Oedipus and Electra complexes, the resolution of which has profound influence on an adult’s life. The male child experiences the Oedipus complex and the female experience Electra complex. 4. At the fifth to twelfth years of age, Ahmad feels that his sexuality is repressed into unconscious and he started focusing to identify himself with the same sex parent and interacts with same sex peers. Latency It lasts from about sixth year to about twelfth year. Here the sexual interests are displaced to substitute activities such as learning, athletics, and peer group activities. 5. When Rashid reached at the age of puberty, he feels that he reaches the physical sexual maturity and the genitals become the primary focus of pleasurable sensations, which he seeks to satisfy in the heterosexual relationships. Genital It is the final stage of development that occurs following puberty. It is the time at which the person emerges from pre genital stages as the adults as he/ she destined to become. Now the child has become a socialized adult with heterosexual interests leading to marriage and child- rearing. If, however, the experiences during the pre-genital stages cause fixation, they will manifests themselves throughout one’s adult life.