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    @zareen said in PHY301 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: what types of charges are responsible for flow of current in each matter? Insulators and conductors can be solid, liquid or gas, and in some exceptions like glass (solid) which is an insulator becomes conductors when melted at the higher temperature. On the other hand, semiconductors are present in the solid form. Liquids can be conductors or insulators, depends on other properties. Though absolute pure water is an insulator, the liquid metals are electrically conductive. Gases also become electrically conductive when ionized, though they usually are insulators. Conductivity is the phenomenon of transmitting something like heat, electricity or sound. So, based on the conductivity of any material and the presence of a forbidden gap, they (materials) can be classified as conductors, semiconductors or insulators. In the article, we will be differentiating the three terms concerning other points on which they vary. https://youtu.be/17EhKw2tsu4
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    @zareen Definition of vocal. 1a : uttered by the voice : oral. b : produced in the larynx : uttered with voice. 2a : given to expressing oneself freely or insistently : outspoken a highly vocal critic.
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    @zareen said in PSY404 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: why people tend to indulge in that type of behavior. What are the causes and motives behind it? I) Physiological Motives: a. Hunger motive: We eat to live. The food we take is digested and nutritional substances are absorbed. The biochemical processes get their energy from the food in order to sustain life. When these substances are exhausted, some imbalancement exists. We develop hunger motive in order to maintain homeostasis. This is indicated by contraction of stomach muscles causing some pain or discomfort called hunger pangs. Psychologists have demonstrated this phenomenon by experiments. b. Thirst motive: In our daily life regularly we take fluids in the form of water and other beverages. These fluids are essential for our body tissues for normal functioning. When the water level in the body decreases we develop motive to drink water. Usually thirst motive is indicated by dryness of mouth. Experiments by psychologists have shown that just dried mouth getting wetted is not enough. We need to drink sufficient quantity of water to satiate our thirst. c. Need for oxygen: Our body needs oxygen continuously. We get it through continuous respiration. Oxygen is necessary for the purification of blood. We cannot survive without regular supply of oxygen. Lack of oxygen supply may lead to serious consequences like damage to brain or death. d. Motive for regulation of body temperature: Maintenance of normal body temperature (98.6°F or 37.0°C) is necessary. Rise or fall in the body temperature causes many problems. There are some automatic mechanisms to regulate body temperature, like sweating when the temperature rises above normal or, shivering when it falls below normal. These changes motivate us to take necessary steps. For example, opening of windows, put on fans, take cool drinks, remove clothes, etc., when the temperature increases to above normal level; and closing doors and windows, wear sweaters, take hot beverages when temperature falls down. In this way we try to regulate the body temperature. e. Need for sleep: Sleep is an essential process for normal functioning of body and mind. When our body and mind are tired they need rest for rejuvenation of energy. It is observed that there is excess accumulation of a toxin called ‘Lactic acid’ when tired. After sleep it disappears and the person becomes active. Sleep deprivation also leads to psychological problems like confusion, inability to concentrate, droopy eyelids, muscle tremors, etc. f. Need for avoidance of pain: No organism can continue to bear pain. Whenever we experience pain we try to avoid it. We are motivated to escape from painful stimulus. For example, when we are under hot sun we go to shade. When something is pinching we avoid it. g. Drive for elimination of waste: Our body cannot bear anything excess or anything waste. Excess water is sent out in the form of urine or sweat. So also digested food particles after absorption of nutritional substances are sent out in the form of stools. We experience discomfort until these wastes are eliminated. h. Sex motive: This is a biological motive, arises in the organism as a result of secretion of sex hormones-like and rogens and estrogens. Sex need is not essential for the survival of the individual, but it is essential for the survival of the species. However, fulfillment of the sex need is not like satisfying hunger or thirst. The society and the law exercise certain codes of conduct. Human being has to adhere to these rules. Usually this need is fulfilled through marriage. i. Maternal drive: This is an instinct or an inborn tendency. Every normal woman aspires to become a mother. Psychologists have Motivation, Emotion and Attitudinal Processes 123 learnt from related studies that, this is a most powerful drive. That is why in many cases the women who cannot bear children of their own, will sublimate that motive and satisfy it through socially acceptable ways, like working in orphan schools, baby sittings or adopting other’s children. link text
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in PSY504 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Previous memories/information interferes with new ones Interference is an explanation for forgetting in long term memory, which states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another, in other words forgetting occurs because of interference from other memories (Baddeley, 1999). Is it true in your case or not? YES! This idea suggests that information in long term memory may become confused or combined with other information during encoding thus distorting or disrupting memories. interference can cause forgetting: There are two ways in which interference can cause forgetting: Proactive interference (pro=forward) occurs when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learnt. When what we already know interferes with what we are currently learning – where old memories disrupt new memories. Retroactive interference (retro=backward) occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task. In other words, later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories. an example from your everyday experiences. for example: confusing old and new telephone numbers. Chandler (1989) stated that students who study similar subjects at the same time often experience interference. Previous learning can sometimes interfere with new learning (e.g. difficulties we have with foreign currency when travelling abroad). Also new learning can sometimes cause confusion with previous learning. (Starting French may affect our memory of previously learned Spanish vocabulary). Memory over time: Over time, a memory becomes harder to remember. A memory is most easily recalled when it is brand new, and without rehearsal, begins to be forgotten.
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    @zareen said in PSY408 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: In which chronic disease, Pakistani people show more denial or experience anxiety/depression. In a case control study included in this review, research was carried on women suffering with depression in two hospitals of Karachi, it was found that the odds of patients being married for more than 5 years were more than the odds for controls (OR = 2.24; CI = 1.87, 3.68). Moreover, considering very much satisfied as the reference category, the odds of patients who were just satisfied (OR = 2.24; CI = 2.1, 5.91) or not satisfied with their married life (OR = 19.65; CI = 3.56, 150.2) were more than the odds for controls. In another case control study conducted to find out association of various reproductive rights, domestic violence and marital rape with depression among Pakistani women, it was revealed that age less than 18years at marriage (OR 2.00; 95%; CI = 1.07, 3.7) and decision for marriage by parents (OR 3.51; 95% CI =1.67, 7.37) could also contribute to depression among women in Pakistan. Both the above studies showed that the odds of patients spending less than or equal to 3 hours per day with their spouses were more than those for controls (OR = 2.33;CI = 1.34, 4.08). While in the same connection, it was found that frequency of intercourse ≤ 2 times per week(OR 1.85; 95%; CI = 1.06, 3.22) and marital rape (OR3.03; 95%; CI = 1.50, 6.11) were also associated with depression among women. Interestingly, one of the studies that was conducted to identify social factors associated with chronic depression among women in rural Pakistan, it was also revealed that not being married could also be a cause of chronic depression among women. These results indicate the social set-up of the country in which life of a woman is closely dependent on marriage and husband’s temperament. Social security and women’s prosperity mostly depend on successful marital life. Any setbacks in women’s relationship with spouse put her in a situation of insecurity and miserable dependence resulting in onset of depression and anxiety. Moreover, lack of decision-making power in male dominant society also lead to curbed emotions ending in deterioration of mental state. link text
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in PSY101 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Psychodynamic approach to personality emphases that the unconscious forces determine our personality Psychodynamic theory is strongly determinist as it views our behaviour as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control. Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious mind in the form of parapraxes, popularly known as Freudian slips or slips of the tongue. We reveal what is really on our mind by saying something we didn’t mean to. Freud believed that slips of the tongue provided an insight into the unconscious mind and that there were no accidents, every behaviour (including slips of the tongue) was significant (i.e., all behaviour is determined). link text
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in BT406 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Describe the ethical concerns during experimental research??? The major ethical issues in conducting research are: a) Informed consent, b) Beneficence- Do not harm c) Respect for anonymity and confidentiality d) Respect for privacy. However, both the nature of nursing which focuses on caring, preventing harm and protecting dignity and the advocates role of nurses which calls for defending the rights of subjects, are sometimes in congruent with the ethics in research. Conclusions: Ethical issues, conflicting values, and ambiguity in decision making, are recurrently emerging from literature review on nursing research. Because of lack of clarity in ethical standards, nurses must develop an awareness of these issues and an effective framework to deal with problems involving human rights. Human experimentation has been conducted even before 18th century. However, the ethical attitudes of researchers drawn the interest of society only after 1940’s because of human exploitation in several cases. Professional codes and laws were introduced since then in order to prevent scientific abuses of human lives. [4] The Nazi experiments led to the Nuremberg Code (1947) which was the leading code for all subsequent codes made to protect human rights in research. This code focuses on voluntary informed consent, liberty of withdrawal from research, protection from physical and mental harm, or suffering and death. It also emphasises the risk- benefit balance. [5] The only weak point of this code was the self regulation of researchers which can be abused in some research studies. [4] All declarations followed, forbade nontherapeutic research. It was only in 1964 with the declaration of Helsinki that the need for non therapeutic research was initiated. [6] The declaration emphasised the protection of subjects in this kind of research and strongly proclaimed that the well being of individuals is more important than scientific and social interests. [4] In terms of Nursing the first inquiry was the “Nightingale Pledge” (1983). Since then there has been a significant development of professional codes in conduct and research. The American Nurses’ Association (ANA) Guidelines for Research, the Human Rights Guidelines for nurses in clinical and other research (1985) and the Royal College of Nursing Code for nurses in research (1977) provide a strong assistance to professional nurses as well as reassurance to patients, the public and society, of professionals’ intentions. [7-9] link text
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in BT503 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: “Discuss Bioremediation and factors affeting the use of Bio-remediation” The factors that directly impact on bioremediation are energy sources (electron donors), electron acceptors, nutrients, pH, temperature, and inhibitory substrates or metabolites. One of the primary distinctions between surface soils, vadose zone soils and groundwater sediments is the content of organic material. Each of the factors discussed above may limit the use of bio remediation in specific circumstances. All the factors are positive in some cases where bio remediation technology has been successfully completed. Knowledge of the susceptibility to bio degradation of some contaminants is still lacking and toxicity testing is becoming more important. Many reports indicate that bio remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons can lead to reduced toxicity and have been taken as evidence of favorable biochemistry in these cases. There are many factors that limit bio availability and have the impact of slowing the transport of specific compounds into aqueous phase where biological up take occurs readily. The importance of bio availability is strongly dependent on the nature of the contaminant,the soil chemistry, and the matrix. In some cases, bio-availability is relatively unimportant, while in others it may be critical. The influence of site-specific bio availability on bio remediation must be considered. Bio activity includes consideration of those parameters that have long been recognized as influencing the rate of bio remediation. With current bio remediation configurations, only certain parameters can be manipulated. This suggests that certain sites may be particularly favorable for in situ strategies, because the bio activity may be easily maintained. US environmental regulations are complex; the rule promulgation process can often be slow. Intense congressional and public involvement may hinder the writing of regulations which reflect in the field experiences. Rapidly emerging technologies, such as bio remediation, have been delayed by governmental policies that support only proven technologies. The trend is slowly changing and for bio remediation using both indigenous and non-indigenous, naturally occur-ring microorganisms, the regulatory hurdles are de-creasing. Even with the obstacles discussed above, there are tremendous market opportunities for bio remediation.With the next 10 years, soil clean-up costs alone are estimated to exceed US dollar 30 billion in Europe(Caplan, 1993). This compares with the US dollar 1billion spent thus far. If just 5% of this soil is cleaned using bio remediation, 1.5 billion dollars could be earned through bio treatment methods. Reff
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